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Lecture number 5. The effect of alcohol on the human body
Alcoholism - a disease, and an insidious disease. Three stages are distinguished.
initial stage characterized by the appearance of craving for alcohol: resistance to the doses taken increases, mental dependence appears.
middle stage - a growing craving for alcohol, a change in the nature of intoxication, loss of control over the amount drunk, the appearance of a hangover.
The last stage - decrease in resistance to accepted doses of alcohol, the development of binge drinking.
Following mental dependence comes physical dependence: alcohol is included in the metabolic processes, deprivation of it leads to a painful disease - a hangover, which is characterized by hand trembling, anxious mood, heavy sleep with nightmares, and unpleasant sensations from the internal organs. Alcohol, accumulating in the blood, disrupts the permeability of cell membranes, inhibits biologically active compounds, primarily enzymes, and reduces the absorption of oxygen by tissues.
Alcohol is a narcotic poison, not a stimulant, but a depressant. The biological consequences of alcoholism are the progressive depletion of the nervous system. Nerve cells and vessels of the brain are especially sensitive. The blood supply to the brain begins to lose its rhythm. There are psychopathies, a decrease in intelligence, up to dementia, a drop in creative abilities, emotional and volitional disorders, various personality changes (loss of interests, narrowing of the social circle, distortion of moral convictions) - personality degradation occurs. A drunk person has a feeling of elevated mood, which is associated with the effect of alcohol on important mental processes in the cerebral cortex. There is an overestimation of one's strengths, a loss of a sense of self-control, an unusually easy adoption of any decision, but at the same time, working capacity decreases, which leads to fatigue, absent-mindedness, difficulty in perception, and a noticeable weakening of the will.
Alcohol has a direct toxic effect on the metabolism of vitamins (especially group B), the violation of which causes damage to the peripheral nervous system in the form of polyneuritis. There is a decrease in vision, hearing and smell.
Alcohol reduces the activity of the immune system, so alcoholics get sick more often and more severely. They are one and a half times more likely to develop respiratory diseases: tuberculosis occurs, inflammatory processes in the lungs (bronchitis, pneumonia) become protracted.
Due to the action of alcohol, inflammation of the mucous membrane of the esophagus, stomach (chronic gastritis), intestines (chronic colitis) occurs, pancreatic diseases develop: pancreatitis and diabetes mellitus.
The liver, as the organ in which the main processes of detoxification take place, is the first to take on the effect of alcohol. Severe liver damage develops - alcoholic hepatitis (inflammation of the liver) and cirrhosis of the liver (cicatricial degeneration).
Atherosclerosis of cerebral vessels develops in alcoholics 4-5 times, and hypertension 3-4 times more often than in non-drinkers.
In men, sexual function decreases, alcoholic impotence sets in, and in women, under the influence of alcohol, the ability to bear children decreases.
Authors: Alekseev V.S., Zhidkova O.I., Tkachenko I.V.
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