Life safety. The soil. Consequences of soil pollution (lecture notes)

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Life safety. The soil. Consequences of soil pollution (lecture notes)

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Lecture No. 33. Soil. Consequence of soil pollution

Soil is an important component of the biosphere, an integral part of any terrestrial biogeocenosis. At the same time, it performs a number of ecological functions, including global biospheric ones, which ensure the stability of the biosphere and the very possibility of the existence of life on Earth.

The soil cover, being an integral component of the biosphere, performs a number of biospheric functions:

1) it is a habitat - an accumulator and a source of matter and energy for land organisms;

2) conjugation of large geological and small biological cycles of substances on the earth's surface;

3) regulation of the chemical composition of the atmosphere and hydrosphere;

4) protective barrier of the biosphere;

5) ensuring the existence of life on Earth.

In addition to ecological functions, in relation directly to a person, the soil performs another function - agricultural. Soil fertility is adversely affected by pollution with various substances. Pollution and chemical poisoning of soils are of several types:

1) industrial soil pollution - the result of deposition of vapors, aerosols, dust and dissolved compounds of pollutants on the soil surface with precipitation;

2) agricultural soil pollution - the result of improper use of pesticides, the introduction of excess doses of mineral and organic fertilizers, waste and runoff from livestock farms;

3) radioactive contamination of soils - natural or anthropogenic accumulation of radionuclides in the soil as a result of nuclear explosions, accidental releases at nuclear enterprises, leaks of radioactive materials, disposal of waste from the nuclear industry.

Significant soil pollution occurs when acid rain falls.

The direct intake of harmful substances through the soil into the human body is small, it is limited to a few cases of direct contact with it (children playing in sandboxes or on the ground, eating unwashed vegetables, etc.). Harmful chemicals that enter the soil enter the human body mainly through the media in contact with the soil: water (migratory water hazard indicator), air (migratory air hazard indicator) and plants (translakation hazard indicator).

The degree of soil contamination of agricultural land is assessed by the translocation indicator of harmfulness, which most reflects the level of possible accumulation of toxicants in food products. With excessive application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil, nitrates accumulate in vegetables and other agricultural products, which leads to food poisoning.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Zhidkova O.I., Tkachenko I.V.

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