Life safety. Classification of main forms of activity (lecture notes)

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Life safety. Classification of main forms of activity (lecture notes)

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Lecture number 16. Classification of the main forms of activity

The concepts of "work" and "work" are not unambiguous. The term "work" means all activities associated with the expenditure of energy and the release of the organism from a state of rest. In any kind of labor, work is performed, but not all work can be considered labor activity.

Labor activity is usually divided into physical and mental. This division is conditional, since no labor activity is possible without the regulatory role of the central nervous system, without volitional efforts. When evaluating physical effort, the concept of "labor severity" is used, which reflects the load on the skeletal muscles, cardiovascular and other physiological systems. To characterize mental activity, the concept of "labor intensity" is adopted, reflecting the predominant load on the central nervous system.

Scientific and technological development causes a transformation in the nature of labor activity. In the middle of the twentieth century. of all the energy that was produced on Earth, 96% came from human muscle power. Nowadays, muscle energy in the total energy balance of the world is only 1%.

Mental work is one of the most laborious and stressful. It has been established that the measure of loading a person with mental work during manual cleaning and mopping is 9%, while working on a lathe - 52%, while driving a car in the city - about 60%, and with thoughtful reading - 100%.

For a person, physical labor is important and absolutely necessary. There are painful conditions in people of mental labor, which are to a certain extent associated with a lack of physical activity: stoop, diseases of the joints, spine, obesity.

There are four main groups of professions: physical, mechanized, automated and mental labor. All these forms of labor are present in modern production, but the share of the first two is declining, while the latter is increasing. The severity of mental work during training increases due to what happens against the background of static stress associated with the need for additional time to maintain a certain posture for a certain time.

With strictly rhythmic activity, the processes of excitation are concentrated on a smaller and smaller space of the cerebral cortex. Between the areas of the cortex, which are "responsible" for the rhythm of physical labor, and those that control the given mental work, there is, as it were, a delimitation. Both sites function without interfering, but complementing each other. This is an important condition for creativity, a productive combination of mental and physical activity. The correct alternation of excitatory and inhibitory processes in the cerebral cortex, elements of diversity in the labor process - all this is very important for high performance, for the emotional, moral and physical well-being of a person.

Ways to improve the efficiency of human labor activity

An important condition for high performance is the gradual inclusion in the work. A person is more quickly involved in physical work than in mental work.

To improve the efficiency of labor activity, a working person must know the dynamics of working capacity, its various phases.

Production phase - the body adapts, adjusts to the mode of operation. Coordination, accuracy and speed of movement improve, an optimal working posture emerges, an economical mode of breathing and blood circulation is established. The phase of the stable operating state is characterized by the highest individual work efficiency. After 3-4 hours, performance decreases. By this time, a break is provided, after which the production phase begins, but shorter than at the beginning of the working day. A stable working state lasts less and passes into a phase of partial fatigue, requiring the mobilization of the body's resources.

The period of gradual "entry into work" is of great importance. We must begin it without excessive swiftness and haste. "Gallop from a place" is harmful not only in physical, but also in mental labor. Any new function must be balanced with the system of existing functions and skills. A well-thought-out and worked out habitual sequence and a certain system in work, planned activity are always more productive.

Any work is productive and less tiring if it is done in a certain sequence. The external rhythm of movements and labor methods gradually acquire an orderly character. There is a so-called assimilation of rhythm, a state of high and stable performance. The more a person is trained, experienced in work, the more automatically, easier and more economically, in terms of the expenditure of physical and mental energy, he performs this work. Compliance with a certain rhythm and pace assimilated by the body is the most important factor in working capacity and health.

The rhythm of work is the basis of high efficiency. It, as a rule, is determined by the character of a person, his purposefulness. But the rhythm in work should be moderate, expediently and correctly selected in accordance with the physiological capabilities of the body. The lack of sequence in the performance of technological operations, uneven loads during the day, week, month reduce efficiency, lead to disorganization in work, the appearance of errors, and rapid fatigue, thereby disrupting the coordinated work of all physiological functions of the body and leading to overwork.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Zhidkova O.I., Tkachenko I.V.

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Men who are unlucky in romantic affairs should probably eat more garlic, according to researchers from the University of Stirling and Charles University in Prague. The experiment involved 42 men and 82 women: the men were offered either garlic with bread and cheese or garlic extract capsules (of course, the control group did not eat either), after which they took scent samples and let the women smell them, who they had to say later how pleasant this or that smell is to them and how attractive and courageous its owner seems to them.

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