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BIG ENCYCLOPEDIA FOR CHILDREN AND ADULTS
How does a windmill work? Detailed answer
Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education Did you know? How does a windmill work? No one knows when and by whom windmills were invented. The boats could sail at right angles to the wind with their sails tilted slightly. The wings of a windmill act in a similar way, moving in a circle when they fall at a right angle to the wind. The windmill resembles a huge propeller. The source of energy in this case is the wind, not the mechanism. The first windmill was used in Holland about 800 years ago to drain the fields from water. For some time, windmills performed this function in countries neighboring Holland. But, as we know, the main purpose of the mill is to grind grain. In most countries, mills were built near rivers and other water streams, water dams were also built there, and water could set the mill in motion. But in the lowlands the rivers flow so gently and slowly that they cannot be used for this purpose. Therefore, windmills were built to thresh grain. In Germany, windmill towers turned when the wind changed, while in Holland, only roofs turned in windmills in the direction of the wind. This was done with a small mill, which was located on the other side of the roof, perpendicular to the large one. When the little mill started to work, it set the mechanism in motion. This mechanism turned the wheels on which the roof was arranged. And soon the big mill turned to the wind. The wings of the mill are usually made of wood, stretching canvas or canvas over them. Ropes are attached to the wings so that the windmill can be stopped if the wind is too strong. Wings sometimes reach 12 meters in length. Improved windmills are still in use in the US. They are made mainly from galvanized steel sheets. A rudder is mounted on them, turning the mill so as to catch the wind blowing in any direction. Mills are especially common in California and some dry areas of the West. They are a cheap source of energy for pumping water from wells, for irrigating fields, and for feeding livestock on pasture. Author: Likum A.
Who came up with the notes? Who invented the musical staff - five horizontal rulers, on which musical signs were placed? It happened at the beginning of the XI century. Then the Italian monk Guido d'Arezzo - Guido Aretinsky (992-1050), a musician and singing teacher from the city of Arezzo - drew the very first rulers, along which, like steps, musical signs ran up and down. True, at first there were not five lines, but four, and they were all of different colors. Such signs-symbols became known as notes. Notes (from the Latin "notatio", which means "writing, designation") began to be placed both on the lines themselves and between them. The notes look like small oval heads. The duration of the sound is indicated by a white or black note head, and by the location of the note on the stave, you can determine its height. The notes had to be named somehow. To make it easier to remember the names of sounds, Guido ordered his chorister students to learn a hymn-prayer in honor of St. John, who was considered the patron saint of church singers. For this prayer, Guido composed a new melody, in which each subsequent line of poetry began a step higher than the previous one. And each first syllable of a new line became the name of a new note. So the notes got their first name: Ut, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, La - according to the initial syllables of the first six words of the hymn-prayer. Over time, the syllable Ut was replaced by the syllable Do, and the name for another sound-note appeared - Si, made up of the first letters of the phrase Sancte Iohanne - St. John. This is how the first international language appeared - the language of notes, which is now understood by all the musicians of the world: DO - RE - MI - FA - SOL - LA - SI.
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