Life safety. Protection of water bodies. Consequences of pollution (lecture notes)

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Life safety. Protection of water bodies. Consequences of pollution (lecture notes)

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Lecture No. 32. Protection of water bodies. Consequences of pollution

Water is very important for humans and other organisms living on Earth, as it ensures the flow of metabolism in organisms and their normal functioning in general. The average water content in the cells of most living organisms is about 70%. Water in the body's cell is present in two forms: free (95% of all cell water) and bound (4-5% bound to proteins). Water is the only mineral that, under terrestrial conditions, is found in all three phase states - solid, liquid and gaseous. The total volume of water on Earth is estimated at 1,8 billion km³. Moreover, the seas and oceans account for about 10%, about 5% of the water is in the earth's crust and about 15% - in lakes, rivers, swamps and glaciers. The importance of water, especially fresh and drinking, for the normal life of mankind is very high. It is necessary both for domestic needs and for agricultural production.

Water pollution occurs in two ways - firstly, when acid rain falls, and secondly, when industrial and domestic wastewater is discharged into water bodies. The impact of acid precipitation on aquatic ecosystems is very diverse.

Once in water sources, they increase the acidity and hardness of water. When industrial effluents are discharged into water bodies, water is polluted with various chemical compounds, including salts of heavy metals - lead, zinc, copper, etc.

When household wastewater is discharged into water bodies, water is polluted both by chemical compounds from the use of synthetic detergents and by various pathogens in fecal matter.

As studies by environmentalists show, modern methods of water purification for drinking needs do not provide a 100% guarantee of the required quality. This is how they explain the massive spread of various diseases, primarily of the gastrointestinal tract, followed by cardiovascular and oncological diseases.

Pollution of water in various reservoirs also occurs as a result of washing off from the fields by rains of various chemicals - fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides. Recently, water pollution - surface, ground and underground - has taken on a global scale.

To ensure the safety of the life of the population when using tap water, it is necessary to constantly use effective water purification filters of the type.

1. Composition and calculation of wastewater discharges into water bodies

When organizing the economic activity of an enterprise that uses water in production and then discharges wastewater, an environmental impact assessment is carried out. Based on the environmental impact assessment data, the composition of wastewater is determined and a calculation is made of their release into water bodies or sewage systems, based on the requirements of GOST 17.1.1.01-77. This GOST regulates the maximum allowable discharge - the entry of substances in the wastewater of the enterprise into the water body. In accordance with paragraph 39, the maximum allowable discharge (MPD) of a pollutant into a water body is understood as the mass of this substance in wastewater, the maximum allowable for the discharge of a water body at a given point in a unit of time in order to ensure water quality standards at the control point. MPD (g/day, tons/year) is set by the Sanitary and Epidemiological Service, taking into account the MPC of pollutants in places of water use. When discharging several substances with the same limiting indicators of harmfulness, the MPD is set so that, taking into account impurities entering the reservoir from upstream outlets, the sum of the ratios of the concentration of each substance (Сst₁...Sst_n), mg/l, in the water body to the corresponding MPC did not exceed one:

Cst₁ / MPC₁ + Cst₂ / MPC₂ +... + Sst_n / MPC_n 1.

The initial data for the development of MPD standards are the characteristics of wastewater and the wastewater receiver, background concentrations of pollutants and the category of water use.

At present, only 15-20% of polluting industries in Russia operate on MPD standards, and 40-50% at the Air Force - temporarily agreed discharges (effluents) of harmful substances, and the rest carry out wastewater discharges based on limit discharges, which are determined according to actual data on a certain period of time.

Currently, there are more than 1900 MPCs for hazardous chemicals for wastewater in Russia.

As a rule, MPC is established on the basis of complex studies. When determining it, the degree of influence of pollutants not only on human health, but also on animals, plants, microorganisms, as well as on natural communities as a whole, is taken into account. The content of harmful pollutants in wastewater is subject to constant environmental monitoring.

In case of exceeding the MPC or "volley" discharges of untreated wastewater, fines are imposed on violators in an unaccented manner.

In case of repeated violations of wastewater discharges with significant excess of MPC, environmental control authorities may take punitive measures, for example, restriction, suspension or complete cessation of any production (workshop, plant, etc.). Environmental control bodies operate on the basis of legislative acts of the Russian Federation.

2. Means of protecting the hydrosphere

В 1995 g. A law was adopted, developed by environmentalists of the Russian Federation, which regulates legal relations in the field of the use and protection of water bodies. The law aims to protect water from pollution, clogging and depletion. The development of this law was due to a number of reasons, one of which is the increase in the volume of wastewater, point and area sources of pollution of the components of the hydrosphere (surface and groundwater), leading to a qualitative depletion of fresh water.

The means of protecting the components of the hydrosphere primarily include a set of water protection measures, including treatment facilities with a cascade of settling tanks and highly efficient filters. In addition, at present, special forest plantations are increasingly being used to intercept and subsequently purify water (under natural conditions) coming from certain areas - from fields, roads, settlements. For these purposes, highly productive, with thick forest litter and multi-tiered (with shrubs) coniferous-deciduous forest plantations are most acceptable. Such plantations are able to accumulate, purify, and then transfer huge masses of water into underground runoff. Artificial forest plantations along the banks of rivers and reservoirs prevent soil erosion after rains or during spring floods, protecting the components of the hydrosphere from pollution.

Similar artificial afforestation is carried out near springs, sources of small rivers. At the same time, any economic activity of people, the population in such forest plantations is prohibited, as well as in the presence of natural, natural forests.

Over the past 50-60 years, wars have caused great harm to nature, starting with World War II, ending with local wars in different parts of the Earth (in the 1950s, the war in Korea, in the 1960s, the Vietnam War with the use of chemical and bacteriological weapons by the United States) .

The protection of the components of the hydrosphere - reservoirs of all kinds - directly depends on the state of air pollution. As you know, acid rain falls not only over fields and forests, but also over water bodies, and in dry weather, industrial dust from emissions from industrial enterprises (containing pollutants) also settles on the surface of water bodies.

Based on the interconnectedness of atmospheric air pollution and components of the hydrosphere in Russia in 2002 g. was developed and adopted Law of the Russian Federation "On Environmental Protection".

This law provides for a set of measures to protect the hydrosphere with the introduction of the latest technologies and equipment for wastewater treatment. From the budgets of all levels, the necessary financial resources are allocated for these activities. Water use has a closed cycle (without discharges into water bodies).

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Zhidkova O.I., Tkachenko I.V.

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