Life safety. Physiological effects of meteorological conditions on humans (lecture notes)

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Life safety. Physiological effects of meteorological conditions on humans (lecture notes)

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Lecture No. 18. Physiological effects of meteorological conditions on a person

Meteorological conditions include physical factors that are interconnected with each other: temperature, humidity and air speed, atmospheric pressure, precipitation, indications of the Earth's geomagnetic field.

Air temperature affects heat transfer. During physical exertion, a prolonged stay in very hot air is accompanied by an increase in body temperature, an acceleration of the pulse, a weakening of the cardiovascular system, a decrease in attention, a slowdown in the speed of reactions, a violation of the accuracy and coordination of movements, loss of appetite, fatigue, a decrease in mental and physical performance. Low air temperature, increasing heat transfer, creates the danger of hypothermia, the possibility of colds. Rapid and sudden changes in temperature are especially harmful to health.

Water vapor is constantly present in the atmospheric air. The degree of saturation of air with water vapor is called humidity. The same air temperature, depending on its humidity, is felt by a person in different ways.

Thin people are most sensitive to cold, their efficiency decreases, a bad mood appears, and there may be a state of depression. Obese people are more difficult to tolerate heat - they experience suffocation, palpitations, and irritability increases. Blood pressure tends to go down on hot days and up on cold days, although about one in three people have it high on hot days and low on cold days. At low temperatures, there is a slowdown in the response of diabetics to insulin.

For normal heat sensation, the mobility and direction of the air flow is of great importance. The most favorable air speed in winter is 0,15 m/s, and in summer - 0,2-0,3 m/s Air moving at a speed of 0,15 m/s makes a person feel fresh. The effect of the wind on the state of the organism is not connected with its strength.

When the wind changes temperature, atmospheric pressure, humidity, and it is these changes that affect human health: depression, nervousness, migraine, insomnia, malaise appear, angina pectoris attacks become more frequent.

A change in the electromagnetic field causes an exacerbation of cardiovascular diseases, nervous disorders increase, irritability, fatigue, a heavy head, and poor sleep appear. Men, children and old people react more strongly to the impact of electromagnetic changes.

A decrease in oxygen in the external environment occurs when a warm air mass invades, with high humidity and temperature, which causes a feeling of lack of air, shortness of breath, dizziness. An increase in atmospheric pressure, an increasing wind, a cold snap worsen the general state of health, exacerbates cardiovascular diseases.

Prevention of adverse effects of the microclimate

The complex of physical factors determines the meteorological conditions (microclimate) of production.

The microclimate of enclosed spaces is determined by climatic conditions (Far North, Siberia, etc.) and the season of the year and depends on the climatic factors of the external atmosphere: temperature, humidity, air velocity, thermal radiation and temperature of fences, which should be taken into account when designing, choosing construction materials, types of fuel, heating, ventilation systems and their mode of operation.

The main role in the thermal state of the body is played by air temperature, for which the value of thermal comfort is determined by sanitary requirements.

The creation of an artificial microclimate is aimed at neutralizing adverse climatic factors and providing certain thermal conditions corresponding to the thermal comfort zone.

For this, air conditioning and heat supply systems and apparatus are installed, which can be local (ovens) or centralized (boiler room). The average surface temperature of heating devices (radiators) must be at least 60-70 °C.

Increased indoor humidity (dampness) may appear as a result of improper operation of buildings - insufficient heating and ventilation, overcrowding, washing in residential premises.

The elimination of dampness in residential premises is facilitated by more frequent ventilation and better heating.

Windows in rooms with high humidity should be kept uncurtained throughout the day, thus providing greater insolation of the room.

Walls in damp rooms should not be painted with oil paint, as moisture condensation increases.

The microclimate of factory shops depends on the amount of excess heat generated by the process equipment and the efficiency of air exchange carried out using natural ventilation or mechanical ventilation. Depending on the amount of heat release, "hot" shops are distinguished, in which it is 20 kcal (84 kJ) or more per 1 m²/ h, and "cold" shops, where heat is released in a smaller amount.

The thermal balance of the body with the environment is maintained by changing the intensity of two processes - heat production and heat transfer.

The regulation of heat production occurs mainly at low temperatures. Of more universal importance for the body's heat exchange with the environment is heat transfer. As the air temperature rises, evaporation becomes the main route of heat transfer.

Increased sweating leads to loss of fluid, salts and water-soluble vitamins.

The action of thermal radiation and high air temperature can cause a number of pathological conditions: overheating, heat stroke, sunstroke, convulsive illness, eye disease - professional thermal cataract ("glassblower's cataract").

Prolonged exposure to heating and especially radiation microclimate causes premature biological aging of the body.

Local and general hypothermia of the body is the cause of chills, neuritis, myositis, radiculitis and colds.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Zhidkova O.I., Tkachenko I.V.

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