Life safety. Organization of civil defense at an industrial facility (lecture notes)

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Life safety. Organization of civil defense at an industrial facility (lecture notes)

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Lecture No. 39. Organization of civil defense at an industrial facility

Civil defense at an industrial facility (hereinafter - at the facility) is organized to protect the personnel of the facility and the population living near it from natural, man-made and military emergencies.

The main tasks of civil defense at the facility are:

1) protection of the personnel of the facility and the population from emergencies;

2) increasing the stability of the operation of the facility in emergency situations;

3) carrying out emergency rescue and other urgent work in the foci of damage and areas of catastrophic flooding.

Organizational activities provide for the development and planning of actions for the management, command and command staff of the department for civil emergency situations, services and formations of civil defense to protect the personnel of the facility, conduct rescue and other urgent work.

Engineering and technical measures of civil defense - this is a set of measures carried out by engineering methods and means and aimed at preventing or reducing possible losses and destruction, increasing the stability of the facility in emergency situations.

Economic activities provide for such an approach to the implementation of the entire range of works that would ensure their efficiency with minimal capital costs.

Environmental activities represent a continuation of the complex of works in this area, which should be carried out by each facility in order to minimize the harmful effects of the products of the technological cycle on the environment.

The civil defense system of the facility is responsible for organizing the protection of the facility personnel and the population from emergencies.

Head of civil defense facility is its leader. He is subordinate to the department, and operationally to the head of the civil defense of the city in whose territory the object is located.

At large industrial facilities, as a rule, there is a full-time deputy head of civil defense, which in peacetime is the main organizer of all preparatory activities for civil defense.

Deputy Chief of Civil Defense for the dispersal and evacuation of personnel a deputy head of the facility for general issues is usually appointed. He develops a plan for the dispersal of working personnel and their families, organizes the preparation of places in the countryside, the transportation of people there.

Deputy Head of Civil Defense for Engineering and Technical Part the chief engineer of the enterprise is appointed, who directly manages the services, and also provides technical management of emergency rescue and other urgent work.

The Deputy Head of the Civil Defense Department for Logistics is appointed the Deputy Head of the facility for these issues, who is in charge of the Logistics Service.

At all objects, as a rule, are created departments for civil defense and emergency situationswhich are completed from officials. To solve the tasks assigned to civil defense, the following services are created at facilities that have an appropriate base:

1) alerts and communications;

2) protection of public order;

3) fire fighting;

4) medical;

5) emergency technical;

6) shelters and shelters;

7) energy and blackout;

8) radiation and chemical protection;

9) transport, etc.

Basic requirements for shelters

Shelters must meet certain requirements:

1) provide protection from any damaging factors and from the thermal effects of fires on the surface for at least two days;

2) be built outside the zones and sources of fires and floods;

3) have entrances with the same degree of protection as the main premises, and in case of blockage - emergency exits;

4) have approaches that are free from the storage of hazardous, combustible and highly fuming substances, as well as access roads;

5) have main rooms with a height of more than 2,2 m, and the floor level must be higher than the groundwater level by more than 20 cm;

6) have filtering and ventilation equipment that provides air purification from impurities and supply to the shelter at least 2 m³ air per hour per person.

If shelter is located in the zone of contamination with radiation levels after a nuclear explosion, then the time of safe stay in it of sheltered people will be from several hours to one day.

Shelters are equipped with functional equipment:

1) filtering equipment provides cleaning and disinfection of the air entering the shelter;

2) water supply, supply of water in flow tanks at the rate of 6 liters of drinking and 4 liters of technical (for sanitary and hygienic needs) per person for the entire estimated period of stay in the shelter;

3) water, electric or other heating, which is switched on with the start of filling the shelter;

4) sewerage (bathroom) is carried out on the basis of common networks, but there must be fecal water receivers that will ensure normal life in case of accidents on common networks and prevent flooding of the shelter;

5) lighting (main, emergency) should not consume oxygen;

6) fire-fighting equipment, tools, equipment and materials for extinguishing fires;

7) there must be a medical center in the shelter;

8) to control the life support systems in the shelter, there are appropriate measuring instruments, a chemical reconnaissance device (VPKhR) and a dose rate meter IMD-21s (or DP-64, DP-5, IMD-5);

9) the necessary documentation is stored in the shelter: the plan of the shelter and the rules for operating the systems and elements of the shelter;

10) emergency power plant, if any, is located in a separate isolated room with a vestibule;

11) each shelter is served by a special formation of civil defense (shelters and shelters). His personnel arrive at the signal and set up posts.

Post 1 - at every entrance. When the shelter is full, people are allowed to pass through it. It distributes the flow of arrivals, providing accommodation for children, the sick and the elderly. On signal"Close shelter" guards close the door, and one of them is constantly at the door.

Post 2 - in the control room. It includes filtering equipment (FVA) and monitors the operation of all equipment, the readings of measuring instruments. Executes commands to set the ventilation mode.

Post 3 - before filling the shelter, the specialist turns on the lighting in all rooms, closes the manhole shutters, adjusts the exhaust ventilation plugs, switches according to the shelter's air supply scheme, and then maintains order when placing people.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Zhidkova O.I., Tkachenko I.V.

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