Life safety. Ecological crisis, its demographic and social consequences (lecture notes)

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Life safety. Ecological crisis, its demographic and social consequences (lecture notes)

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Lecture No. 35. Ecological crisis, its demographic and social consequences

Ecological crisis (environmental emergency) - environmental trouble, characterized by sustainable negative changes in the environment and posing a threat to human health. This is a tense state of relations between humanity and nature, due to the discrepancy between the size of human production and economic activity and the resource and environmental capabilities of the biosphere. The ecological crisis is characterized not so much by the increased impact of man on nature as by a sharp increase in the influence of nature changed by people on social development.

Ecological crisis (according to I. I. Dedy) - a situation that occurs in ecological systems (biogeocenoses) as a result of imbalance under the influence of natural disasters or as a result of anthropogenic factors (human pollution of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, pedosphere - soil cover, destruction of natural ecosystems, natural complexes, forest fires, regulation of rivers, deforestation, etc.). In a broader sense, the ecological crisis is a critical phase in the development of the biosphere, during which a qualitative renewal of living matter takes place (the extinction of some species and the emergence of others). The modern ecological crisis is a "crisis of decomposers" (according to many scientists), since natural decomposers no longer have time to purify the biosphere from anthropogenic waste or are potentially unable to do this due to the alien nature of the emitted synthetic substances - xenobiotics, the biosphere has lost the ability to self-repair.

The first anthropogenic environmental crisis caused the great migration of peoples. The transition to agriculture and cattle breeding was accompanied by the decomposition of the primitive communal system and the emergence of the slave system, which was accompanied by the desertification of fertile lands in the Sahara, Central Asia and other places, the depletion of land resources and the transition to a feudal system. The modern environmental crisis is also anthropogenic in nature and has a global scale, and changes in the natural environment have boomeranged back to their root cause - man. They began to negatively affect various aspects of public life and cause all sorts of social conflicts. This is, firstly, a decrease in the birth rate in economically developed countries, and secondly, increased migration from environmentally unfavorable areas both within countries and from states, in particular from Asia and Africa to Western Europe and America. The environmental crisis was also the reason for the organization of the green movement - Greenpeace (Green World) and even the Green Party.

The negative social consequences of the environmental crisis include: the growing shortage of food in the world:

1) an increase in the incidence of the population in cities;

2) the emergence of new diseases;

3) environmental aggression - the export of toxic technological processes and waste to other countries, etc.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Zhidkova O.I., Tkachenko I.V.

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Turning water into metal 14.02.2024

Water is not a natural conductor of electricity unless it contains impurities that allow current to pass. However, pure water can only become "metallic" under extremely high pressure, which is difficult to reproduce in laboratory conditions.

But a few years ago, researchers discovered that metallicity in pure water can be induced through more than just extreme pressure. The process can be started by combining pure water with an alkali metal such as an alloy of sodium and potassium. In this case, conductivity only lasts for a few seconds, but this is a significant breakthrough for science.

"The phase transition to metallic water can be seen with the naked eye. The silvery drop of sodium and potassium begins to become coated with a golden film, which looks amazing," says physicist Robert Seidel from the Helmholtz Center for Materials and Energy in Berlin. Given enough pressure, almost any material can become a conductor, as the theory goes.

The idea is that if atoms are compressed tightly enough, the orbitals of the outer electrons will begin to overlap, allowing them to move. To do this, the water must be subjected to a pressure of about 48 megabars. For example, the atmospheric pressure on Earth at sea level is 48 million times less.

However, such pressures were created in laboratory conditions, but they were not suitable for studying metallic water. So a team led by organic chemist Pavel Jungwirth of the Czech Academy of Sciences turned to alkali metals.

Such substances easily release their outer electrons, so they can cause the process of electron exchange in clean water under high pressure, but without it.

However, the experiment encountered a serious problem: alkali metals react explosively with water. Researchers found a solution to this problem: instead of adding metal to water, they added water to metal. In a vacuum chamber, the team obtained a drop of sodium-potassium alloy, which is liquid at room temperature. Then a thin film of pure water was applied to the drop.

Upon contact, electrons and metal cations (positively charged ions) were transferred into the water from the alloy. This process not only gave the water a golden color, but also made it conductive, as it would under extreme pressure.

The discovery of the metallic properties of water without extreme pressure opens up new prospects for research in physics and chemistry. This breakthrough could have important practical applications in various fields of science and technology, from the development of new materials to electronics and energy.

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