Life safety. Classification of harmful substances according to the degree of impact on the human body (lecture notes)

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Life safety. Classification of harmful substances according to the degree of impact on the human body (lecture notes)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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Lecture No. 20. Classification of harmful substances according to the degree of impact on the human body

Air plays the most important role in the daily metabolism of the body. A person cannot live without air for even a few minutes.

Air is a mixture of gases whose composition changes with altitude.

The effect of toxic exposure depends on the amount of AHOV (emergency chemically hazardous substances) that has entered the body, their physical and chemical properties, duration and intensity of intake, interaction with biological media (blood, enzymes).

AHOV, along with the general one, have selective toxicity, i.e. they pose the greatest danger to a particular organ or body system. According to selective toxicity, there are:

1) cardiac with a predominant cardiotoxic effect (many drugs, plant poisons, metal salts - barium, potassium, cobalt, radium);

2) nervous, causing a violation of mental activity (carbon monoxide, organophosphorus compounds, alcohol and its surrogates, drugs, sleeping pills);

3) hepatic (chlorinated hydrocarbons, poisonous mushrooms, phenols and aldehydes);

4) renal (heavy metal compounds, ethylene glycol, oxalic acid);

5) blood (aniline and its derivatives, nitrates, arsenic hydrogen);

6) pulmonary (smog, tar, gases).

The toxic effect under the action of various doses and concentrations of hazardous chemicals can manifest itself as functional and structural (pathomorphological) changes, i.e. toxicity manifests itself in the form of threshold doses and concentrations. But the result can be the death of the organism in the case of lethal concentrations. The danger of poisons can also be judged by the values of the thresholds of harmful action (single, chronic) and the threshold of specific action.

Harm threshold - this is the minimum concentration of a substance, under the influence of which in the body there are changes in biological parameters at the organismal level, which go beyond the limits of adaptive reactions, or latent pathology.

The nature of the impact of harmful substances on the body and general safety requirements are regulated by GOST 12.0.003-74, which subdivides substances into:

1) toxic, causing poisoning of the whole organism or affecting individual systems (CNS, hematopoiesis), causing pathological changes in the liver, kidneys;

2) irritating, causing irritation of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, eyes, lungs, skin;

3) sensitizing, acting as allergens (formaldehydes, solvents, varnishes based on nitro and nitro compounds);

4) mutagenic, leading to a violation of the genetic code, a change in hereditary information (lead, manganese, radioactive isotopes);

5) carcinogenic, causing malignant neoplasms (cyclic amines, aromatic hydrocarbons, chromium, nickel, asbestos);

6) affecting the reproductive (childbearing) function (mercury, lead, styrene, radioactive isotopes).

Harmful substances and prevention of occupational poisoning

Predominantly as a result of exposure to the body of adverse labor factors and occupational hazards, occupational diseases arise, the prevalence of which depends on the socio-economic working conditions, the technological process and the state of the technical equipment of production.

The prevention of occupational poisoning largely depends on the observance of preventive measures by all those working in industries with harmful working conditions, as well as on the implementation of labor protection and safety rules. Preventive measures are aimed at introducing automation of production processes, a reasonable organization of work and leisure, the establishment of a reduced working day and additional annual leave in hazardous industries, free therapeutic and preventive nutrition, and rational ventilation in relation to the characteristics of production.

industrial poisons - chemicals used in production and having a harmful effect on the human body in case of violation of the rules of safety and labor hygiene.

Influencing the human body, industrial poisons can have an adverse effect on offspring.

Prevention of the impact of harmful substances on the body provides for the exclusion from the production technology of highly toxic and life-threatening poisons or their replacement with less toxic and less dangerous ones; shortening the working day and increasing holidays for persons in contact with poisons; proper ventilation, wearing protective clothing, use of a gas mask, respirator or other means of protection (protective pastes, ointments, etc.); organization of showers and daily change of industrial underwear; periodic medical examinations, therapeutic and preventive nutrition, drug prophylaxis (inhalation, dispensaries, etc.).

Scientific substantiation of acts of sanitary legislation in the field of hygienic regulation of environmental factors is very important. It is necessary to establish maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) of harmful substances in the air of the working area, i.e. such concentrations that during the entire working experience cannot cause diseases or deviations in the state of health of workers directly in the process of work or in the long term.

MPCs are a mandatory sanitary standard in the design of industrial buildings, technological processes, equipment and ventilation, as well as in preventive and ongoing sanitary supervision and regimen in production conditions, to assess the effectiveness of recreational activities.

Enterprises and design organizations must constantly achieve a minimum (below MPC) content of harmful substances in the air of the working area.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Zhidkova O.I., Tkachenko I.V.

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