Life safety. Combustion process and types of combustion (lecture notes)

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Life safety. Combustion process and types of combustion (lecture notes)

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Lecture number 27. The combustion process and types of combustion

Combustion is a fast-flowing chemical process of oxidation or combination of a combustible substance and oxygen in the air, accompanied by the release of gas, heat and light.

Combustion is also known without oxygen in the air with the formation of heat and light. Thus, combustion is not only a chemical reaction of the compound, but also of decomposition.

Distinguish between actual combustion, explosion and detonation. During actual combustion, the flame propagation speed does not exceed tens of meters per second, during an explosion - hundreds of meters per second, and during detonation - thousands of meters per second.

Combustion occurs most rapidly in pure oxygen. As the oxygen concentration decreases, the combustion process slows down, the lowest combustion rate at an oxygen content in the air is 14-15%.

Combustion requires combustible materials, an oxidizing agent, and an ignition source.

In practice, a distinction is made between complete and incomplete combustion. Complete combustion is achieved with a sufficient amount of oxygen, and incomplete combustion is achieved with a lack of oxygen. During incomplete combustion, as a rule, caustic, toxic and explosive mixtures are formed.

The combustion process in practice is considered under the conditions of ignition of a combustible substance. Self-ignition (thermal explosion) occurs when a combustible substance is heated internally as a result of chemical processes. The fire hazard of combustible substances is characterized by the induction period, or the time delay of self-ignition. For combustion and ignition, the concentration of gases and vapors in the air is important. The combustion and ignition range is characterized by the lower and upper explosive limits. They are the most important characteristic of the explosiveness of combustible substances.

During the explosions of certain gases, vapors and mixtures, combustion passes into a special form - detonation.

The correct operation of electrical networks and appliances is important in fire protection.

Fire and Explosion Hazardous Objects (PVOO) - enterprises that produce, store, transport explosive products that, under certain conditions, acquire the ability to ignite or explode.

All building materials and structures made of them are divided into three groups:

1) fireproof - these are materials that, under the influence of fire or high temperature, do not ignite, do not smolder or char;

2) hardly combustible - these are materials that, under the influence of fire or high temperature, hardly ignite, smolder or char and continue to burn in the presence of a source of fire;

3) combustible - these are materials that, under the influence of fire or high temperature, ignite or smolder and continue to burn and smolder after the source of fire is removed.

Organization and management of fire safety at the enterprise

Fire safety - the state of the object, in which the possibility of a fire is excluded, and in the event of its occurrence, the impact on people of dangerous fire factors is prevented and the protection of material assets is ensured. Fire safety is ensured by a fire prevention system and a fire protection system. All office premises must have a Fire Escape Plan.

Fire protection - this is a set of organizational and technical measures aimed at ensuring the safety of people, preventing fire, limiting its spread, as well as creating conditions for successful fire extinguishing.

One of the most important tasks of fire protection is the protection of building premises from destruction and ensuring their sufficient strength under the influence of high temperatures during a fire.

Fire extinguishers designed to contain small fires include fire nozzles, internal fire water pipes, fire extinguishers, dry sand, asbestos blankets, etc.

In buildings, fire hydrants are installed in the corridors, on the landings of stairwells and entrances. Water is used to extinguish fires in the premises of libraries, ancillary and service premises.

Fire extinguishers are widely used to extinguish fires in the initial stages. According to the type of extinguishing agent used, fire extinguishers are divided into the following main groups.

Foam fire extinguishers are used to extinguish burning liquids, various materials, structural elements and equipment, except for energized electrical equipment. Gas fire extinguishers are used to extinguish liquid and solid substances, as well as electrical installations under voltage.

Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers are also used, the advantage of which is the high efficiency of fire extinguishing, the safety of electronic equipment.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Zhidkova O.I., Tkachenko I.V.

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