Life safety. Atmosphere. Consequences of pollution (lecture notes)

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Life safety. Atmosphere. Consequences of pollution (lecture notes)

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Lecture No. 31. Atmosphere. Consequences of pollution

The main air pollutants are industrial enterprises (especially metallurgical, chemical plants), as well as thermal power plants, transport of all types (especially automobile - heavy-duty, diesel-fuelled). Most of the emissions into the atmosphere are carbon dioxide (CO₂). Currently, about 1 ton of carbon per person per year enters the atmosphere from thermal power generation alone; According to the forecasts of environmental specialists, in the first half of the 10st century, the total volume of emissions of this gas will reach XNUMX billion tons. The main anthropogenic source of CO is₂ into the atmosphere is the combustion of carbonaceous fuels (coal, oil, fuel oil, methane, propane, etc.). In addition to carbon dioxide, a significant amount of sulfur and nitrogen oxides enters the atmosphere with emissions from various enterprises, and their total amount, on a planetary scale, reaches more than 250 million tons.

When sulfur and nitrogen oxides interact with atmospheric moisture, nitric and sulfuric acids are formed, which leads to acid rain (pH 5,0). Ecologists have found that when acid rain falls in soils, the solubility of minerals increases sharply, in particular, aluminum is released from them, which is poisonous in free form. Further, with acid rain, other heavy metal compounds, nitrates, are formed.

In dry and calm weather, with significant air pollution by various emissions from enterprises and vehicles in large cities, smog is formed. Smog causes exacerbation of respiratory diseases, eye irritation, deterioration of physical condition due to general poisoning of the body with carcinogens in the air. At the same time, in some cases, due to smog poisoning, a fatal outcome is observed. For example, in 1995 g. In London, more than 4000 people died from smog in two weeks. In Russia, smog occurs in Moscow, Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk, Novosibirsk, Kemerovo and other large industrial centers. According to environmental specialists, 70% of the Russian population (more than 100 million people) live in an area with a polluted atmosphere of 5-10 MPCs of highly toxic substances. Air pollutants of various types also lead to the greenhouse effect.

The gases released into the atmosphere (CO₂, SO₂, I have not₂, CH₄ and etc.). Called greenhouse, they act like glass in a greenhouse: they freely pass solar radiation to the Earth, but delay thermal radiation from the earth's surface. As a result, its surface temperature rises, weather and climate change. The greenhouse effect is understood as a constant increase in the global temperature of the planet as a result of changes in the heat balance due to the gradual accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. As a result of this effect, desertification of lands occurs, the repetition of droughts in many regions of the Earth becomes more frequent. The greenhouse effect in some cases leads to the provocation of heat stroke in humans.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Zhidkova O.I., Tkachenko I.V.

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Isolated 24V digital inputs ISO1211 and ISO1212 01.09.2017

Texas Instruments presented ISO1211 and ISO1212 - specialized integrated circuits for the implementation of 24 V discrete inputs (according to IEC 61131-2 type 1, 2 and 3 GOST 61131-2) with individual galvanic isolation. With ISO1211 it is possible to implement a compact isolated digital input with protection on a single chip, and with ISO1212 two galvanically isolated digital inputs on one chip at once.

Traditionally, discrete inputs are built on passive components, and as a decoupling, as a rule, an optocoupler is used. This approach is quite simple and has a low cost, but it has a number of disadvantages: the large size of the entire solution, rather high power dissipation, and low response speed.

Using ISO1211 or ISO1212 minimizes these disadvantages and allows you to build a low-power small-sized channel with speeds up to 4 Mbps. This is especially true when it comes to the development of a small industrial logic controller (PLC).

To operate ISO1211 and ISO1212, it is not required to use a galvanically isolated DC / DC converter, it is enough to supply power from the digital part within 2,25V ... 5,5V. Microcircuits have built-in protection against polarity reversal and overvoltage in the range of +-60V. The galvanic barrier has an isolation value of 2,5kV rms for one minute (UL 1577).

ISO1211 - made in the SOIC8 package (4.90 mm x 3.91 mm), ISO1212 - in the SSOP16 package (4.90 mm x 3.90 mm).

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