Life safety. The most common infectious diseases, the causes of their occurrence (lecture notes)

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Life safety. The most common infectious diseases, the causes of their occurrence (lecture notes)

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Lecture number 15. The most common infectious diseases, their causes

Infectious diseases - diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms and transmitted from an infected person or animal to a healthy person.

The mass spread of certain infections among the population of a country (epidemic) or several countries (pandemic) can determine the fate of cities and countries.

Infectious diseases can occur in the presence of three components: a pathogenic microorganism - a pathogen, a susceptible macroorganism (human), and factors that ensure the transmission of infection from an infected organism to a healthy one.

The ability of the pathogen to cause infectious diseases depends on the ability to penetrate into certain organs and tissues, to release toxins.

The body's susceptibility to infection is determined by a number of biological and social factors - age, diet, living conditions, etc. Factors such as fasting, monotonous irregular meals, lack of vitamins, proteins in food, overwork, overheating, hypothermia, the presence of worms and others diseases, overcrowding of the population favor the emergence of infectious diseases.

Transmission factors of pathogens are various elements of the environment: water, food, dishes, dirty hands (intestinal infection); with air from a sick person when coughing, sneezing, talking (airborne); by direct contact (fungal diseases); transmitted through blood-sucking vectors.

With intestinal infections (dysentery, typhoid fever, cholera, salmonellosis, food poisoning), pathogens enter the external environment mainly with the feces of patients and bacteria carriers, and into the body of a healthy person through the mouth from contaminated hands, food, water. In the spread of intestinal infections, flies play an important role in the summer.

In blood infectious diseases, pathogens circulate in the blood and do not communicate with the environment, the transmission of pathogens from a patient to a healthy person occurs only through blood-sucking insects - carriers. Carriers are mosquitoes (malaria, yellow fever), lice (typhus and relapsing fever), ticks (tick-borne encephalitis), fleas (plague, flea fever).

In infectious diseases of the external integument, pathogens enter the human body through damaged skin and mucous membranes, where they are often fixed. Infection of a person occurs both by direct contact with the patient (venereal diseases), and by using bedding, towels of patients and others (trachoma, scabies, fungal skin diseases, etc.).

There are anthroponoses - infectious diseases that are peculiar only to humans, and they can only be infected from a person. These are typhoid fever, dysentery, cholera, smallpox, diphtheria, measles, etc.

Infection Prevention Measures

To prevent intestinal infections, the identification, isolation and treatment of patients and bacteria carriers, the disinfection of dwellings, and the fight against flies are carried out. Everyone should be sure to wash their hands with soap before eating, after using the toilet; wash fruits and vegetables and pour boiling water over them before use, boil milk, drink only disinfected water; protect food from flies.

Some infectious diseases (influenza and influenza-like illnesses) can spread extremely quickly and affect large numbers of people.

Therefore, during the epidemic, when a patient develops a cough, runny nose, with a slight increase in temperature, he should be isolated at home and call a doctor.

For the prevention of blood-borne infectious diseases, patients are identified and isolated, combating blood-sucking insects, protecting people from the bites of blood-sucking insects, using mechanical means of protection (protective nets, canopy, overalls) and repellents.

For the prevention of infectious diseases of the external integument, patients are identified and treated. Strict observance of the hygienic regime is necessary - the use of individual underwear bed linen, towels, etc.

For the prevention of zoonoses, sick animals are identified and isolated or destroyed, livestock keeping areas are disinfected, rodents and insects are controlled, preventive vaccinations are carried out for people working with animals, as well as pets.

To prevent many infectious diseases, protective vaccinations are made to create immunity to infectious diseases by preliminary introduction of vaccines, toxoids, gamma globulins, and immune sera into the human body. This achieves the development of active and passive immunity.

Vaccinations are carried out in a planned manner and according to epidemiological indications.

Routine vaccinations given at a certain age include vaccinations against tuberculosis, diphtheria, poliomyelitis, tetanus, mumps, as well as vaccinations carried out in natural foci of infection, against tularemia, tick-borne encephalitis. Inoculations for epidemic indications include vaccinations against influenza, to increase the immunity of the population when there is a danger of an epidemic of this disease.

Parents should know what vaccinations their child has received and which will be given and when. The accuracy of the vaccination period must be observed, because at the specified time they will be most effective.

Protective vaccinations are one of the important means of combating infectious diseases. Thanks to them, infectious diseases such as smallpox, poliomyelitis, relapsing fever, and plague have been drastically reduced or practically eliminated.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Zhidkova O.I., Tkachenko I.V.

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