Life safety. Unified State System for Emergency Prevention and Response (RSChS) (lecture notes)

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Life safety. Unified State System for Emergency Prevention and Response (RSChS) (lecture notes)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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Lecture No. 44

Emergency Prevention is a set of measures carried out in advance and aimed at reducing the risk of an emergency as much as possible.

In accordance with Federal Law of December 21, 1994 No. 68-FZ "On the protection of the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies"the unified Russian state system for the prevention and elimination of natural disasters and emergencies (RSChS) operates, which has control bodies, forces and means in order to protect the population and national property from the impact of catastrophes, accidents, environmental and natural disasters or reduce their impact.

The main goal of RSChS - combining the efforts of central and regional bodies of representative and executive power, as well as organizations and institutions to prevent and eliminate emergencies.

RSChS is based on several postulates:

1) recognition of the fact that it is impossible to exclude the risk of an emergency; compliance with the principle of preventive security;

2) reducing the likelihood of emergencies;

3) priority of preventive work;

4) an integrated approach in the formation of the system;

5) building a system on a legal basis with a delimitation of the rights and obligations of participants.

Organizationally, RSChS consists of territorial and functional subsystems and has five levels:

1) federal;

2) regional (several subjects of the Russian Federation);

3) territorial (territory of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation);

4) local (district, city);

5) object (organization, enterprise).

The territorial subsystem of the RSChS is designed to prevent and eliminate emergencies in the controlled territory. Main governing body - Commission for Emergency Situations (CoES) for the Protection of the Population and Territories. The working bodies of the territorial CoES are the headquarters for civil defense and emergency situations and the elimination of consequences of natural disasters.

Functional subsystems of the RSChS are created in the ministries, departments and organizations of the Russian Federation. Their task is to monitor and control the state of the environment and the situation at potentially hazardous facilities, eliminate emergencies, protect personnel and the population of the territories.

The forces and means of the RSChS system are divided into: forces and means of observation and control; forces and means of liquidation of the consequences of emergencies.

Forces and means of observation and control include:

1) bodies;

2) services;

3) institutions exercising state supervision;

4) inspection.

The forces and means of liquidating the consequences of emergencies consist of paramilitary and non-military firefighting, search and rescue and emergency recovery units of federal and other organizations.

The RSChS system operates in three modes:

1) the mode of daily activities - the functioning of the system in peacetime under normal industrial, radiation, chemical, biological, hydrometeorological and seismic conditions;

2) high alert mode - the functioning of systems when the situation worsens and a forecast is received about the possibility of an emergency, the threat of war;

3) emergency regime - the functioning of the system in the event of the occurrence and elimination of emergencies in peacetime, as well as in the case of the use of modern means of destruction.

Legislative and legal acts in the field of protection of the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies

Ensuring life safety - a task of paramount priority for the individual, society and the state. The fundamental law regulating the organization of work on the prevention of emergencies, the procedure for actions in emergencies and the elimination of their consequences, is Federal Law "On the Protection of the Population and the Territory from Natural and Technogenic Emergencies"" (1994):

1) in chapter I "General Provisions" of the Law explains its main provisions, goals, defines a unified state system for the prevention and liquidation of emergencies, the boundaries of emergency zones, the basic principles of protecting the population and territories from emergencies. A separate article is related to ensuring publicity and information about emergencies;

2) chapter II dedicated to the powers of state authorities and self-government of the Russian Federation;

3) chapter III - principles of public administration in the field of protection of the population and territories from emergencies;

4) chapter IV determines the rights and obligations of citizens in the area under consideration and the principles of social protection of victims of emergencies;

5) chapter V associated with the preparation of the population for emergencies;

6) chapter VI - with the procedure for financial and material support of measures to protect the population and territories from emergencies;

7) Chapter VII - with the procedure for conducting state expertise, supervision and control in the area under consideration;

8) Chapter VIII dedicated to international treaties on protection against emergencies.

The main type of normative and technical documentation for emergencies is the system of standards "Safety in emergency situations" (BSES). It includes 10 groups of standards.

Group O standards establish:

1) the main provisions of the set of BChS standards;

2) basic terms and definitions in the field of safety in emergency situations;

3) classification of emergencies;

4) classification of products, processes, services and objects of the national economy according to the degree of their danger;

5) nomenclature and classification of damaging factors and impacts of emergency sources;

6) the main provisions and rules of metrological support for monitoring the state of complex technical systems in emergency situations.

Public administration in emergencies is determined by the "Regulations on the Unified State System for the Prevention and Elimination of Emergencies (RSChS)", which unites the governing bodies of the constituent entities of the Federation, Federal executive authorities, local governments and emergency management organizations.

The main tasks of training in the field of protection from emergencies:

1) training of all groups of the population in the rules of conduct and basic methods of protection against emergency situations;

2) training in first aid for victims;

3) familiarization with the rules for the use of collective and individual protective equipment;

4) training of students of educational institutions and institutions of primary, secondary and higher professional education, carried out during school hours according to educational programs for protection from emergencies.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Zhidkova O.I., Tkachenko I.V.

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