Life safety. Ionizing radiation and ensuring radiation safety (lecture notes)

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Life safety. Ionizing radiation and ensuring radiation safety (lecture notes)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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Lecture No. 22. Ionizing radiation and ensuring radiation safety

Ionizing radiation is a phenomenon associated with radioactivity.

Radioactivity - spontaneous transformation of the nuclei of atoms of one element into another, accompanied by the emission of ionizing radiation.

There are the following types of radioactive transformations: electronic alpha decay, B-decay, K-capture, spontaneous nuclear fission and thermonuclear reactions.

The degree, depth and form of radiation injuries that develop among biological objects when exposed to ionizing radiation, primarily depend on the amount of absorbed radiation energy. To characterize this indicator, the concept of absorbed dose is used, i.e., the radiation energy absorbed by a unit mass of the irradiated substance.

Ionizing radiation - a unique environmental phenomenon, the consequences of the impact of which on the body at first glance are not at all equivalent to the amount of absorbed energy.

If we take morphological changes as a criterion for sensitivity to ionizing radiation, then the cells and tissues of the human body, according to the degree of increasing sensitivity, can be arranged in the following order: nervous tissue, cartilage and bone tissue, muscle tissue, connective tissue, thyroid gland, digestive glands, lungs, skin, mucous membranes, sweat glands, lymphoid tissue, bone marrow.

The most important biological reactions of the human body to the action of ionizing radiation are conditionally divided into two groups:

1) acute lesions;

2) long-term effects, which in turn are divided into somatic and genetic effects.

At radiation doses of more than 100 rem, acute radiation sickness develops, the severity of which depends on the radiation dose.

Long-term consequences of a somatic nature include a variety of biological effects, the most significant of which are leukemia, malignant neoplasms, and reduced life expectancy.

Regulation of exposure and principles of radiation safety. Since January 1, 2000, exposure of people in the Russian Federation has been regulated by radiation safety standards (NRB-96), hygienic standards (GN) 2.6.1.054-96. The main dose exposure limits and permissible levels are established for the following categories of exposed persons:

1) personnel - persons working with man-made sources (group A) or located in the area of impact due to working conditions (group B);

2) the population, including persons from the staff, outside the scope and conditions of their production activities.

Three classes of standards are provided for the indicated categories of exposed persons:

1) basic dose limits (maximum allowable dose - for category A, dose limit - for category B);

2) acceptable levels;

3) control levels set by the administration of the institution in agreement with the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision at a level below the permissible level.

Basic principles for ensuring radiation safety:

1) reducing the power of sources to minimum values;

2) reducing the time of work with sources;

3) increasing the distance from sources to workers;

4) shielding of radiation sources with materials that absorb ionizing radiation.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Zhidkova O.I., Tkachenko I.V.

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