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BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
Survival in a blizzard, snowstorm. Basics of safe life
Directory / Basics of safe life Strong, changing direction gusty wind with snow not uncommon in winter. It can last from several hours to several days. In a blizzard, with strong wind and cold, normal breathing is disrupted, snow dust penetrates under clothing, and the heat-shielding properties of clothing are reduced. In the absence of visibility and with gusts of wind from different directions, a person loses orientation, and sooner or later his thinking begins to dull. But the blizzard does not come suddenly. Before it starts in inclement weather, there is a relative increase in air temperature and a gradual increase in wind speed with a random change in its direction. A harbinger of a snowstorm in clear and cloudy weather is the appearance of a dark gray or black cloud growing on the horizon with changing outlines. The wind gradually intensifies and turns into gusts, lifting snow and dispersing the snow. A cloud covers the entire sky, and a blizzard begins. Wind amplifies the effects of low temperatures. The stronger the wind, the greater the heat loss. "The best and surest remedy against a blizzard under any conditions is to wait it out" (GA Ushakov). Therefore, if the group is encamped, it should not be filmed for further movement. It is necessary to tighten the tent extensions, strengthen the snow, windproof wall, check the reliability of skis and ski poles stuck in the snow. All equipment that is not in the tent should be packed in a bag and placed on the side of the entrance to the tent, pressed down with snow slabs. Arrangement of lodging for the night in a blizzard is complicated not so much because of the low temperature, but because of the wind. If a person perceives frost in winter as an objective inevitability, then a strong wind can be considered an additional obstacle, and sometimes - if a person does not have enough experience - the cause of an extreme situation. Therefore, a place to sleep in such cases should always be chosen in the forest, where there is no, or almost no, wind. Overnight stays in the treeless zone should be avoided. When a snowstorm occurs during the movement of the group, you should immediately set up camp and wait for it to end. A variant is possible when, before the start of a blizzard, a safe, technically simple descent to the forest is visible, which is no more than one or two kilometers away. First of all, it is necessary to determine and remember the azimuth in the direction of the path. Take measures against hypothermia: put on windbreakers, puffs, insulated mittens. If you have to take off your mittens, but they are not fastened to the sleeves, then you should securely put them in your trouser pockets or under your jacket so that they do not blow away with the wind. When descending, the guide must go at the speed of the slowest participant and constantly stop, counting the entire group. If a blizzard caught a group in the mountains, where the descent into the forest zone is technically difficult, dangerous, then you should stop in time so that you have the strength to make a shelter from the blizzard. No division of the group is allowed: this leads to the death of people. The primary task facing the group before or after the onset of a blizzard is to set up a bivouac. When choosing a place for it, one should not forget about the avalanche danger. Do not bivouac in sheltered areas, on snowy slopes or directly below them, at the very bottom of the slope. With bivouac work, you can undercut the slope and release an avalanche on yourself. Having decided to pitch a tent, you should find at least partial shelter from the wind (rock, inflate, etc.) and make a relatively horizontal platform. Then all participants must warm up. The leader distributes responsibilities among all members of the group. An inactive or passive person begins to freeze in the wind, so let all those who are not involved in setting up a tent cut out and bring snow bricks. The tent is set up with an entrance on the leeward side, its extensions are fixed with skis or ski poles stuck at an angle into the snow. If it is impossible to stick the skis to strengthen the stretch marks due to a small amount of snow, then they are trampled down with the ribs of the skis and pressed down with snow from above. After setting up the tent, backpacks are brought in, which are placed at the back - windward - wall and in the corners. It must be remembered that things thrown during a blizzard outside the tent disappear without a trace. Around the tent it is necessary to put a wall of snow blocks. The wall is laid out close to the beginning of the roof slopes or 20-30 cm higher. When setting up a bivouac in a snowstorm, you must not leave the tent. A person who has moved away from the tent due to loss of orientation has almost no chance of returning back and is practically doomed to freezing. A participant who has lost sight of the camp must go back in his tracks. If the tracks are covered, you should stop and not try to find the tent, so as not to move further away from it. It is necessary to take measures to arrange a temporary shelter. The group, having discovered the disappearance, takes measures to search for the missing person. To do this, it is necessary to dissolve the rope (if necessary, tie two ropes) and two participants to tie around its ends. One of the participants stays in the camp, while the other goes to the length of the rope. All other participants are attached to the rope with a loop. When the rope is taut, everyone needs to start moving around the circle, the center of which is the tent, until the missing person is found. After the device in the tent, you should start cooking. If it is impossible to cook hot food, then they use sausage, bacon, dried fruits, etc. The food is washed down with water, which can be obtained by melting snow over a candle or a flame of dry fuel in mugs. Periodically, you need to get out to dig out the tent from the snow and check the condition of the windproof wall. It is impossible to go out in woolen clothes, because it is instantly clogged with snow dust, which, having melted, will wet the clothes. Without special need, you need to try once again not to leave the tent. If there are doubts about the strength of the tent, then you should remove the central stretch, tie it with a cord and strengthen it with a backpack, that is, make the roof of the tent flat. If the tent is torn, you should quickly, without waiting until it is blown to pieces, loosen the central support, collect the torn place in a handful and tie it with a rope. In case of severe damage, it is necessary to repair it, despite difficult conditions. A serious variant of an extreme situation arises when the group gets lost in bad weather. It is necessary to extinguish the panic mood, set up the group for action (hunters spend the night in the forest in the winter without a tent!). You should go deep into the forest, where you can hide from the wind. In this situation, you can’t leave exhausted comrades to rest (they simply won’t survive), but you need to stick together. Choose a location with an abundance of dry trees. If there is no ax and saw, give preference to a place where there is a lot of thin dead wood or large trees with dry lower branches that can be broken off by hand. Several people prepare firewood for the whole night, the rest dig a hole to the ground. Snow from the pit is carried upstairs in backpacks, jackets; the bottom of the pit is covered with spruce branches (lower branches of coniferous trees), the top is partially covered with branches, after which a fire is made. Choose a place under a large tree - with a shallow snow cover or open. If there is a lot of snow, they clear the place, make curtains or a barrier from the wind, and prepare firewood for the whole night. Organize dinner. If there are no pots for cooking, water for tea is boiled in mugs or tins. In the morning - when visibility and weather improve - the group rises above the forest zone, determines its location and continues to move in the right direction. In case of prolonged bad weather, depending on the specific conditions and available information, it is necessary to make your way to the road or the hunter's ski track, along which they get to the hunting hut, etc. Authors: Aizman R.I., Krivoshchekov S.G.
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