Methods of extraction and disinfection of water in conditions of autonomous existence. OBZhD

BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
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Methods of extraction and disinfection of water in conditions of autonomous existence. Basics of safe life

Fundamentals of Safe Life Activities (OBZhD)

Water It has a high heat capacity, is a good solvent and participates in the biological cycle of substances.

Water is life itself. In living organisms, it participates in metabolic processes, ensuring their normal development.

In conditions of autonomous existence, especially in areas with a hot climate, with limited or no water supplies, water supply becomes a problem of paramount importance. It is necessary to find a source of water, purify the water from organic and inorganic impurities if necessary, or desalinate it if it contains a large amount of salts, and ensure storage.

Natural sources can be divided into several groups: open (rivers, lakes, streams) and ground (springs, springs, accumulations of water in underground reservoirs) reservoirs, biological water sources (water-bearing plants - ravenala, bamboo, cactus), atmospheric water (rain , snow, dew, desalinated ice).

Water from springs, springs of mountain and forest rivers, streams can be drunk raw, but before you quench your thirst with water from stagnant or low-flowing reservoirs, it is purified from impurities and disinfected. For cleaning, it is easy to make the simplest filters from several layers of a bandage or an empty tin can, punching 3-4 large holes in the bottom, and then filling it with sand. You can dig a shallow hole 0,5 m from the edge of the reservoir, after a while it will be filled with clean, clear water.

For disinfection, special preparations are used: pantocid, iodine, holzon, etc. For 1 liter of water, 2-3 pantocid tablets are needed, the water should be allowed to stand for 15-20 minutes. In the absence of tablets, tincture of iodine is used (8-10 drops per 1 liter of water). However, the most reliable way to disinfect water is boiling.

In general terms, measures for water supply and water consumption in the conditions of autonomous existence are reduced to several basic provisions:

the search for water, especially in desert conditions, should be one of the top priorities;
with limited water supplies, the amount of food consumed should be reduced to a minimum;
it is necessary to purify and disinfect all water produced in springs or slow-flowing reservoirs;
it is necessary to carry out measures to reduce sweating in a hot climate;
it is necessary to rationally use water reserves, using it in small portions (70-100 ml each).

Especially big is the problem of finding water in the desert. Finding water in the desert is difficult, but not hopeless. You just need to know the signs of its presence and have patience. Sometimes it is worth digging deeper into the lowland of an old dry riverbed or in a hollow at the foot of a dune on the leeward side - and good luck will come. First, dark damp sand will appear at a depth of 1-2 m, and after a while the dug hole will gradually fill with groundwater.

In addition to natural water sources in deserts, there are artificial reservoirs - wells. As a rule, the well is located not far from the caravan road, but it is so carefully hidden from the sun that an inexperienced person can walk a stone's throw without suspecting its existence. Wells are located at a distance of 25-50 km from one another, and sometimes (in sandy and clay desert zones) at a distance of 50-100 km or even more. Their depth ranges from 5 to 200 m.

To extract water, you can use the so-called solar condensers. The basis of their design is a thin film of transparent hydrophobic (water-repellent) plastic. It covers a hole with a diameter of about 1 m, dug in the ground to a depth of 50-60 cm. The edges of the film are sprinkled with sand or earth to create greater tightness. The sun's rays, penetrating through the transparent membrane, absorb moisture from the soil, which, evaporating, condenses on the inner surface of the film. The film is given a conical shape by placing a small weight in its center so that drops of condensate flow into the water collector. You can extract water from it without violating the structure, using a special tube. One condensate can produce up to 1,5 liters of water per day. To increase its productivity, the pit is half filled with freshly picked plants, camel thorn shoots, pieces of cactus, etc.

"Bag" solar capacitors are also used. On a live saxaul tree (or other plant), you need to put on a plastic bag, tightly tie the neck, bend the bag and put its end in a small hole dug in the sand. The water evaporating from the branches will collect in the resulting recess, it is advisable to untie the bag every 1,5-2 hours so that the plant does not suffocate. In this way, depending on the temperature, the volume of the bag and the type of plant, it is possible to collect from 6 to 8 liters of water in 0,5-1,5 daytime hours. Experience shows that for 5 hours a glass of water flows into the bag. If you do not remove the bag for more than 5 hours, then the water will be bitter, as the tree is dying.

Another way is to put freshly picked branches of saxaul into a plastic bag. The bag is slightly inflated, the neck is tightly tied and the condenser is exposed to the sun. The water evaporated from the branches will condense on the film and drain to the bottom of the bag under the container.

However, even with the most stringent water saving regime, sooner or later there comes a minute when its reserves run out. A man in the sea is very thirsty. He "sees" the sparkling water surface, "hears" the whisper of the waves, "feels" the refreshing touch of the spray and cannot quench his thirst. This is due to the fact that sea water cannot be drunk, as it has a toxic effect. When drinking sea water, the kidneys, stomach, and intestines are affected. But the central nervous system is especially vulnerable to the action of salts. You can’t drink sea water, but you can build a distillation cube from it and drive desalinated distilled water. One of the most common is a distiller designed in the form of a transparent plastic ball. Inside it is a second smaller ball made of black material. The distiller is filled with sea water, inflated with air and, tied to a boat, is allowed to walk on the waves. The sun heats the water, the steam passes through the tube system and, settling on the walls as drops of fresh water, escapes into a plastic tank. However, on a cloudy day and at night, this device is inactive.

Another distiller, made in the form of a sphere of transparent material, has a special bowl in the lower part, framed by a thermal screen made of black film. When the distiller is lowered overboard, a temperature difference is created between its upper part, which is blown by air, and the lower part, which is in water. The water in the bowl begins to evaporate and, condensing on the inner surface of the hemisphere, flows into the water collector, from which it can be sucked out through a special tube. This distiller operates in any weather, day and night and gives up to 1,5 liters of water per day.

If you have enough water and the opportunity for daily replenishment of supplies, you should not save it, you need to drink as much as the body requires, but in case of a shortage, you must strictly adhere to following rules:

do not eat much, especially meat dishes;
eat small meals, do not smoke;
provide water to the sick first;
water should be consumed within the established norm only in the morning and in the evening, during the day it should be limited to wetting the lips and oral cavity;
to reduce thirst, you need to drink water in small sips, holding it in your mouth for a long time;
in hot weather, do not stay in the sun for a long time and stay in the shade more;
do not take off your outer clothing and headgear to protect the body from sweating;
observe the established mode of movement, move at a measured pace.

Author: Mikhailov L.A.

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