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BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
Factors that destroy health and their prevention. Basics of safe life
Directory / Basics of safe life Many habits that people acquire during their school years and which they then cannot get rid of throughout their lives seriously harm their health. These habits contribute to the rapid consumption of all the reserves of the human body, its premature aging and the acquisition of various diseases. First of all, it is necessary to include tobacco smoking, the use of alcohol and drugs. Alcoholism Alcohol (alcohol) is a narcotic poison. A dose of 7-8 g of pure alcohol per 1 kg of body weight is fatal for humans. According to the World Health Organization, alcoholism annually claims about 6 million human lives. Taking even small doses of alcohol lowers efficiency, leads to fatigue, absent-mindedness, and makes it difficult to correctly perceive events. Disturbances in balance, attention, perception of the environment, coordination of movements that occur during intoxication often become the cause of accidents. According to official figures, about 400 injuries are registered annually in the United States, received while intoxicated. In Moscow, up to 30% of those admitted to hospitals with severe injuries are people who are in a state of intoxication. Alcohol has an extremely harmful effect on brain cells, paralyzing their activity and destroying them. Only 100 g of vodka destroys about 7,5 thousand cells. The effect of alcohol on the liver is detrimental: with prolonged use, chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis of the liver develop. The use of alcoholic beverages leads to a violation of the heart rhythm, metabolic processes in the tissues of the heart and brain, and irreversible changes in these tissues. Hypertension, coronary heart disease and other diseases of the cardiovascular system are twice as common in people who drink alcohol as in non-drinkers. Alcohol negatively affects the activity of the endocrine glands and, above all, the genital ones: a decrease in sexual function is observed in 2/3 persons who abuse alcohol. According to the World Health Organization, the mortality rate from various causes in moderate drinkers is 3-4 times higher than in the general population. The average life expectancy of drinking people usually does not exceed 55-57 years. The relationship between alcohol and crime is due to the formation of a violent type of personality under its influence. With the help of alcohol, criminals recruit accomplices, causing them to reduce self-control, making it easier to commit a crime. Intoxication, accompanied by the weakening of deterrents, the loss of a sense of shame and a real assessment of the consequences of their actions, often pushes young people into casual sex. They often result in unwanted pregnancy, abortion, infection with sexually transmitted diseases. According to statistics, 90% of syphilis infections and about 95% of gonorrhea infections (both in men and women) occur while intoxicated. Medicine claims that a third of women who drink alcohol have premature babies, and a quarter have dead ones. It is known that conceiving while drunk is fraught with great danger to the unborn child. Surveys showed that out of 100 examined epileptic children, 60 parents used alcohol, and 40 out of 100 mentally retarded children had parents who were alcoholics. Even in ancient times, mankind struggled with the abuse of alcohol. In China and Egypt in the second millennium BC. e. drunkards were subjected to severe and humiliating punishments. Africa in the 30th century BC e. the sale of undiluted wine was banned. In Sparta in the 2th century. BC e. under pain of severe punishment, the consumption of alcohol by young people was forbidden, especially on the day of the wedding. in Rome in the XNUMXrd century. BC e. there was a ban on drinking wine for persons under XNUMX years of age. The ancient Roman politician, philosopher and writer Seneca Lucius Annei wrote about XNUMX thousand years ago: “A drunk person does a lot of things, from which, when sober, he blushes, intoxication is nothing more than voluntary madness. Drunkenness both kindles and exposes every vice, destroying the shame that keeps us from bad deeds.Drunkenness does not create vices, but only exposes them.A drunk man does not remember himself, his words are meaningless and incoherent, his eyes see dimly, his legs are tangled, his head is spinning so that the roof starts to move.General drunkenness led to great disasters: it betrayed the most brave and warlike tribes to the enemy, it opened fortresses defended for many years in stubborn battles, it pacified the undefeated in battle. Ferocity is inseparable from the addiction to wine, because hops harm the sound mind and harden it; people become irritable, so that the slightest offense infuriates them, just as the soul becomes fierce from incessant drunkenness. When she is often out of her mind, the vices, strengthened by habitual madness, having arisen in hops, do not lose their strength without it. If someone proves with some arguments that the sage, no matter how much wine he drinks, will not go astray, then such conclusions can be built: the sage will not die after drinking poison, he will not fall asleep after drinking sleeping pills. Physiologist academician I. P. Pavlov said not so long ago: “What use can be from poison that drives people into a state of insanity, pushes them to crime, makes them sick, poisons the existence of not only the drinkers themselves, but also those around them? Since then , as the unconditional harm of alcohol from a scientific and hygienic point of view has been proven, there can be no question of scientific approval of the consumption of small or moderate doses of alcohol. Tobacco smoking Tobacco smoking (nicotinism) - a bad habit, which consists in inhaling the smoke of smoldering tobacco, is one of the forms of substance abuse. The active principle of tobacco smoke is nicotine, which almost instantly enters the bloodstream through the alveoli of the lungs. In addition to nicotine, tobacco smoke contains carbon monoxide, hydrocyanic acid, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, ammonia, essential oils and a concentrate of liquid and solid combustion products called tobacco tar. The latter consists of about a hundred chemical compounds and substances, including a radioactive isotope of potassium, arsenic, aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons - carcinogens (chemicals whose effects on the body can cause cancer). Tobacco has a harmful effect on many organs and systems of the human body. The mouth and nasopharynx are the first to come into contact with tobacco smoke. The temperature of the smoke in the oral cavity reaches about 50-60°C. To introduce smoke from the mouth and nasopharynx into the lungs, the smoker inhales a portion of the air. The temperature of the air entering the mouth is about 40°C lower than the temperature of the smoke. This temperature difference leads over time to the appearance of microscopic cracks on the enamel of the teeth. Therefore, the teeth of smokers begin to decay earlier than those of non-smokers. Toxic substances contained in tobacco smoke, with the smoker's saliva, enter the gastric mucosa, which often leads to gastric and duodenal ulcers. Constant smoking, as a rule, is accompanied by bronchitis (inflammation of the bronchi with damage to their mucous membrane). In the lungs of a smoker, tobacco smoke saturates the blood with carbon monoxide, which, by combining with hemoglobin, excludes part of it from the breathing process. Oxygen starvation sets in, as a result of which the heart muscle primarily suffers. Hydrocyanic acid chronically poisons the nervous system. Ammonia irritates the mucous membranes, reduces the resistance of the lungs to various infectious diseases, in particular to tuberculosis. The main destructive effect on the human body during smoking is nicotine. This is a strong poison: the lethal dose for humans is 1 mg per 1 kg of body weight, i.e., about 50-70 mg for a teenager. Death can occur if a teenager immediately smokes about half a pack of cigarettes. The German professor Tannenberg calculated that at the present time, one death in a million people as a result of air crashes occurs 1 time in 50 years; drinking alcohol - every 4-5 days, car accidents - every 2-3 days, smoking - every 2-3 hours. Inhalation of smoky tobacco air (passive smoking) leads to the same diseases that smokers suffer from. Studies have shown that the dangers of passive smoking are very real. The smoke from a lit cigarette left in an ashtray or in the smoker's hand is not the smoke that the smoker inhales. The smoker inhales the smoke that has passed through the filter of the cigarette, while the non-smoker inhales completely unfiltered smoke. This smoke contains 50 times more carcinogens, twice as much tar and nicotine, 5 times more carbon monoxide and 50 times more ammonia than smoke inhaled through a cigarette. For people working in highly smoky areas, secondhand smoke levels can reach the equivalent of 14 cigarettes per day. There is strong evidence of an increase in lung cancer among non-smokers who live with smokers. Independent studies in the United States, Japan, Greece and Germany have shown that non-smoking spouses of smokers get lung cancer 2-3 times more often than the wives of non-smokers. Currently, smoking has deeply entered the life of many people, has become an everyday occurrence. In the world smokes about 50% of men and 25% of women. According to experts, addiction to smoking is one of the varieties of drug addiction: people smoke not because they want to smoke, but because they cannot quit this habit. Indeed, it is easy to start smoking, but it is very difficult to stop smoking. In many economically developed countries of the world (USA, Canada, Japan, England, Sweden, Norway) over the past decades, thanks to the introduction and implementation of anti-nicotine programs, there has been a significant decrease in the number of smokers. The main direction in conducting anti-nicotine programs is preventive work among children and youth. In Russia, unfortunately, the number of smokers has increased by about 10% over the past 14 years. Drug addiction and substance abuse Since the beginning of the 90s of the last century, the international drug mafia has been considering Russia as a new vast market for the sale of narcotic drugs. Day by day, drug addiction in our country is becoming more and more menacing: in recent years, the number of drug addicts in the country has increased by about 3,5 times. Its geography is expanding, the range of narcotic and psychotropic substances in circulation is increasing. In the Russian Federation, morphine, caffeine, heroin, promedol, cocaine, nervitin, ephedrine, hashish (anasha, marijuana), LSD, ecstasy and some others are classified as narcotic substances. Addictions and substance abuse develop gradually. Initially, the use of psychoactive substances is usually associated with the desire to just try and starts with isolated cases, then becomes more frequent and finally systematic. The period of episodic single use is the beginning of the disease, and the transition to the regular use of drugs or toxic substances indicates the emergence of dependence, i.e., a serious illness. How is this dependence formed? Each person in the brain has a pleasure center that provides him with a good mood, reacting to certain actions and processes. We solved a difficult problem - pleasure, met friends - again pleasure, had a delicious lunch - again pleasure. A person feels such a state due to the special regulatory substances present in his body - neurotransmitters. According to their composition, neurotransmitters are psychoactive substances. Their concentration in the body is negligible. It is they who provide the natural pleasures that a person experiences as a result of his life activity. A completely different picture occurs after the artificial introduction of psychoactive substances (nicotine, alcohol, drugs) into the body. Firstly, the body does not regulate the amount of artificially introduced substances, an overdose may occur. Secondly, artificially introduced psychoactive substances weaken the body and make it more susceptible to various diseases. Thirdly, the opportunities to enjoy natural behavior are reduced. Fourthly, the body gradually gets used to psychoactive substances and can no longer do without them. Initially, the attraction to the drug manifests itself at the level of mental dependence: the drug is needed to restore a normal mental state. If it is not accepted, then there will be a bad mood, increased irritability, reduced efficiency, obsessive desires will appear. Then the attraction begins to manifest itself at the level of physical dependence: without a dose of the drug, a person experiences a breakdown in the work of the nervous system and internal organs. With the advent of physical dependence, a person's behavior and his vital interests begin to change. A person at this stage becomes unrestrained, embittered, suspicious and touchy. He develops indifference to the fate of loved ones and to his own fate. Gradually, the body of a drug addict (drug addict) is destroyed and decrepit physically. Its defenses weaken, as a result of which the development of any infectious and non-infectious diseases is possible. Experts note that the first drug test sometimes occurs at 8-10 years old, but most often it happens at 11-13 years old. In most cases, people who start using drugs can never get rid of this addiction. Why do they embark on the path of voluntary self-destruction? There are several reasons for this, but the main one is the following: drugs bring huge profits to drug dealers, amounting to billions of dollars. For this they are ready for anything. Therefore, a whole series of myths has been created to promote drugs: drugs are "serious" and "non-serious (light)"; drugs make a person free; they help solve life's problems. In addition, children, adolescents and young people form an erroneous opinion: even if you try a drug, you will not become an addict, but you can overcome the habit and stop using them at any time. All this is a terrible deception, its goal is to attract as many people as possible to the consumption of drugs and earn a lot of money from it. Remember! Taking drugs is not a way to get away from problems, these are new, more complex and scary problems. If this misfortune happened - contact the specialists in the narcological dispensary. Do not be afraid. The results of treatment will be good if you seek help yourself, if you are frank, contact your doctor, control your condition. Quitting drugs is not a sign of weakness, but, on the contrary, a sign of strength of character and personality. Substance use prevention The fight against drugs is going on all over the world, including in our country. In 1998, the Russian Federation adopted the Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances", which establishes a ban on taking drugs without a doctor's prescription. Citizens who are involved in illegal trafficking (manufacturing, acquisition, storage, transportation, sale) of narcotic and psychotropic drugs are held criminally liable in accordance with the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. They are punished by imprisonment for a term of 2 to 15 years. There are special structures in the country to combat the illegal distribution of drugs. However, despite the measures taken, notable progress in the fight against drug addiction has not been achieved. This happens primarily because people do not realize enough how dangerous drugs are. They still do not understand that a drug is a causative agent of the disease, which, once in the human body, starts an irreversible destructive process. This happens during the first test (reception) of the drug. The latent period of the disease begins. In total, physicians distinguish three stages in the development of this disease (Scheme 10). Prevention of drug addiction should be aimed, first of all, at preventing the first use of a psychoactive substance, at forming a person’s solid life attitude: in any setting and under any conditions to prevent drug sampling. Experience shows that in adolescence, the desire to take drugs arises only in the company of peers. This can happen on the street, at a disco, at a concert of a popular musical group, when you want to be like everyone else, cheerful, relaxed, forget about all the problems. The main rules for the prevention of substance use are formulated in four "No!". Rule one: constantly produce a firm "No!" taking any narcotic and toxic drugs, in any dose, in any setting, in any company: always only "No!". The second rule: the formation of the ability to enjoy useful daily activities (good study, sports, outdoor activities), which means a firm "No!" idleness, boring and uninteresting life, idleness.
Scheme 10. Stages of development of drug addiction and substance abuse Third rule: the ability to choose friends and comrades is of great importance; third "No!" those peers and the company where taking drugs is a common thing; To do this, you need to overcome your shyness, respect your opinion and not succumb to the influence of others. Fourth rule: a firm "No!" his timidity and indecision when offered to try the drug. Outdoor activities, physical culture and sports, expanding and deepening one's knowledge, preparing for professional activities, for creating a strong, prosperous family are the best means for preventing addiction to psychoactive substances. Authors: Smirnov A.T., Shakhramanyan M.A., Durnev R.A., Kryuchek N.A.
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