Evacuation and dispersal of the population. OBZhD

BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
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Evacuation and dispersal of the population. Basics of safe life

Fundamentals of Safe Life Activities (OBZhD)

The dispersal and evacuation of the population (REW) is one of the ways to protect it from damaging factors during emergencies.

Dispersal - this is an organized removal (withdrawal) and placement in the countryside of the personnel of the OE, free from work, as well as personnel providing the life of the city (utility workers). Those who are dispersed constantly come to their workplaces, and at the end of work they return to the suburban area. Travel time to the city and back should not exceed 2 hours.

Evacuation - this is an organized withdrawal (export) from the city and placement in the countryside of the personnel of the OE, who stop working in the city, as well as the rest of the population. The evacuees live permanently in the suburban area until further notice.

suburban area called the territory outside the zone of possible destruction. Its boundary is set depending on the category (importance) of the city. Each OE in an out-of-town area is assigned a location area.

The dispersal of workers, employees and members of their families is carried out according to the territorial production principle in a combined way, i.e. by all modes of transport or on foot in the shortest possible time (within 24 hours from the moment the signal is received). The movement of convoys and transport, food, medical care, and protection must be provided.

The population is evacuated according to the territorial principle, i.e. at the place of residence through the housing maintenance authorities. Dispersed and formations of civil defense, the sick, the elderly, the disabled, women with children under 10 years old are taken out by transport. The rest of the population can be removed on foot to the intermediate evacuation point. The implementation of the REW measures will reduce the population density of the city many times over, which will drastically reduce losses. In addition, there should be a sufficient number of places in the AP GO for the remaining population.

When organizing traffic foot columns their route, the composition of the columns, the starting point and the boundaries of traffic control, the time of their passage are being developed. The places and duration of halts, the location of first-aid posts, heating points, intermediate evacuation points, as well as the possibility of transporting people back to their places of permanent accommodation by transport are assigned. Control signals and the order of their communication to people are determined.

The evacuation is organized through prefabricated evacuation pointswhich are located in public buildings (schools, clubs, theaters). The prefabricated evacuation center provides for the collection, registration and dispatch of the population to the landing stations or to the starting points for the formation of foot columns. In the area where the assembly evacuation center is located, there should be protective structures and other life support institutions. Each collection point is assigned a number.

The population is notified about the evacuation through the OE, the police, housing maintenance authorities, the radio and television broadcasting network. At this signal, people, taking with them documents, money, necessary things, medicines, a supply of food and water, arrive at the evacuation center.

For each transport (echelon, vessel, convoy) a head is appointed, who must ensure the implementation of the traffic schedule.

There can be up to 1 thousand people in a pedestrian column, divided into groups of 50-100 people. The head of the column has a route plan designed for one daily transition, made in 10-12 hours of movement. The speed of the column is up to 5 km/h, the distance between the columns is 500 m.

Every 1,5 hours of movement, a halt is made for 15 minutes, and after 6 hours - a large halt (up to 2 hours). At the halts, columns are pulled up, medical assistance is provided, people are checked, and hot meals are provided. Protective structures and water supply points are being equipped along the route.

In the suburban area for the reception of evacuees are created emergency evacuation centers. They provide accommodation for the evacuees and supply them with everything they need. Reception evacuation centers are created to assist the relevant civil defense headquarters and are formed similarly to the SEP from among the leaders of rural areas. The composition of the receiving evacuation center is informed of the schedule of arrival of vehicles and foot columns, their number, the location of the intermediate evacuation point, the type and number of vehicles that can be used to deliver people from intermediate evacuation point. Reception evacuation centers are also deployed in public buildings near the drop-off point.

Evacuation measures are planned in advance, the possibility of their implementation and security are carefully and regularly checked.

When planning evacuation measures, it is necessary to work out the issues of ensuring the vital activity of the population.

Transportation services consists in the organization of the export of people to the areas of the REW, the export of material assets, the transportation of work shifts from the areas of dispersal to the MA and back.

Medical support It is planned to carry out through the existing network of hospitals, polyclinics and first-aid posts in rural areas, strengthened by the medical institutions and medical staff taken out of the city.

Due to the significant migration of the population, one must be prepared for the appearance of a focus of bacteriological damage. Under these conditions, the role of providing medical care at home will significantly increase.

At prefabricated, receiving, intermediate points of evacuation, stations of landing, transplantation and disembarkation, existing or deployed additional (new) first-aid posts are being strengthened. To provide medical care on the way, medical workers with the necessary equipment are allocated to each echelon (column), and ambulances with a mobile medical aid team are assigned to some routes.

Anti-radiation and anti-chemical support provides for the organization of reconnaissance, providing the population with individual and medical protection, preparation of special treatment and disinfection equipment, construction of a defense system on the tracks of the REW, adaptation of existing premises for the protection of people, bringing to the population radiation protection regimes, rules for the use of personal and collective protection equipment, organization of control of radioactive irradiation.

Catering, provision of water and basic necessities are carried out through the relevant services of rural areas (trade, consumer services, public catering), strengthened by the evacuees. On the routes in cold weather, points of heating and supply of water from closed sources are organized. For the first 2 days, people can eat the supplies they take with them.

The successful implementation of REW to a large extent depends on the moral and psychological state of the population, which is achieved through purposeful and painstaking work by the relevant authorities.

Authors: Ivanyukov M.I., Alekseev V.S.

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