Orientation and geographic projection. OBZhD

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Orientation and geographic projection. Basics of safe life

Fundamentals of Safe Life Activities (OBZhD)

Word oriens in Latin means "east". From time immemorial, to navigate meant to find the eastern direction, the place where the sun rises, where the worshipers always turn their gaze, where many world shrines are located. Pilgrims traveled thousands of kilometers to get to Jerusalem - the capital of the Christian faith, knowledge of the eastern direction was vital for them.

Today concept "local orientation" means determining the direction of all sides of the horizon and its location relative to the surrounding local features and relief elements. Orientation when moving in an unfamiliar area consists in determining the distances and maintaining the desired direction of the route.

For successful and accurate orientation anywhere in the world, you need a map or terrain plan, a compass or portable GPS navigators and, of course, the ability to use all this. In the absence of these means, orientation can be carried out on local grounds or with the help of improvised means, although in this case it must be remembered that the testimony will be very conditional.

First, about what a coordinate geographic projection is and what role it plays in determining your location.

We call the coordinate geographical projection the mapping of the entire surface of the earth's ellipsoid or any part of it onto a plane, obtained mainly for the purpose of building a map.

The earth is round, or rather, it has the shape of an ellipse - flatter in the upper and lower parts - the poles - and elongated in the middle - the equator. Since the shape of the Earth has a regular geometric shape, it can be easily divided into several equal parts using the vertical axis - the zero meridian. This axis divides the Earth into western and eastern hemispheres. The horizontal axis - parallel (equator) - divides the planet into southern and northern hemispheres. Thus, the whole Earth can be divided into four equal parts. In whatever part of the Earth you are, knowing in which of the four parts your house is located and in which direction you need to go, you can always return to it. Directions to the four equal parts of our planet are called the sides of the horizon: north, south, west, east. This is how the simplest coordinate-geographic projection model looks like (Fig. 6.1).

Orientation and geographic projection
Rice. 6.1. Geographical projection of the Earth

For convenient orientation, it is customary to represent the Earth in the form of a world map of a geometrically flat projection of the Earth - the planet is "unfolded" in the place of the zero meridian.

Such a cartographic model is a geographic projection of the Earth, it most clearly displays all the continents and water space. Now it remains to clarify the concept of "coordinates".

A coordinate projection is a grid that is plotted on a map. The horizontal grid lines are called latitude and the vertical grid lines are called longitude. Latitude and longitude are plotted in certain degrees of deviation from the two straight lines already familiar to us that divide the Earth - the zero meridian and the zero parallel. The concepts of "zero parallel" and "zero meridian" mean that they have an angle of inclination of 0°. The earth's surface has two pairs of specially marked parallels (two in each hemisphere) associated with the angle of inclination of the earth's equator to the plane of the earth's orbit.

The parallels are called, respectively, the northern and southern tropics. Their physical meaning is very simple: at these latitudes, the Sun passes through the zenith once a year - at the time of the summer solstice (northern tropic) or the winter solstice (southern tropic). Closer to the equator, this happens already twice a year, and farther from the equator, it never happens. Parallels having latitudes of ±(90°) are called the northern and southern polar circles. At these latitudes, at the time of the summer solstice, the Sun does not set below the horizon (the Arctic Circle) or does not rise (the Antarctic Circle), at the time of the winter solstice, on the contrary. That is, the areas from the polar circles to the poles are areas where there are polar days and nights.

With the help of such a coordinate projection and a map of the world, you can designate any point on Earth. All lines have a specific digital code in degrees of declination from the prime meridian. At present, the zero meridian is the one on which the Greenwich Observatory near London (England) stands - the Greenwich meridian. Longitude is usually reckoned "East of Greenwich" or "West of Greenwich".

Author: Mikhailov L.A.

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