Orientation techniques with the help of personnel tools and instruments. OBZhD

BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
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Orientation techniques with the help of personnel tools and instruments. Basics of safe life

Fundamentals of Safe Life Activities (OBZhD)

Map Orientation

Map orientation is used to determine your location. To do this, the map is placed horizontally, a compass is placed on it and the map is rotated along with the compass so that the direction of the compass needle coincides with the meridian. Since the direction of the magnetic needle does not exactly coincide with the direction of the geographic pole, two meridians are distinguished - the true (geographic) and magnetic.

The difference between the true and magnetic meridians is called the angle of magnetic declination and can reach a value of 10-20 ° or more and have different signs.

Finding your location

After the map is oriented, it is "tied" to the terrain by sighting on noticeable objects or using a compass. To do this, the compass recognizes the magnetic azimuths for two landmarks and, having made corrections for the local magnetic declination, determine the geographical (true) azimuths of these landmarks. Then, from the point of the image of landmarks on the map, lines are drawn under the reverse azimuth (the reverse azimuth is equal to the observed ± 180 °). The intersection of the lines on the map will determine the point of your location (Fig. 6.19).

Orientation techniques using standard equipment and instruments
Rice. 6.19. Orienting the map to local subjects

Orientation with a map without a compass

Orienteering with a map without a compass is different in that the map is oriented along terrain lines or landmarks.

Line orientation

It is used in a campaign when the route coincides with a straight section of the road, clearing, river. In this case, it is enough to provide a direction for one more landmark. The intersection of this direction with the image of the terrain line on the map will give a point reference and a resection method. When a tourist is near a point landmark, you should find this landmark on the map and use the second landmark to direct the upper edge of the map to the north. If the landmarks are far away, then the standing point is determined by the reverse sighting method. To do this, having oriented the map, they sequentially sight and draw directions to two landmarks. The intersection point of the directions will be the standing point. For control take the third direction.

Bolotov's method

Used when it is impossible to accurately orient the map. To do this, from one point on a piece of transparent paper, they sequentially sight and draw directions to three landmarks visible on the ground and identified on the map (Fig. 6.20). Then they put transparent paper on the map so that the drawn directions on the landmarks pass through their images on the map. With this position of the sheet, the point on it (and the map) will be the point of location of the tourist.

Orientation techniques using standard equipment and instruments
Rice. 6.20. Orientation by Bolotov's method

In practice, travelers often also resort to approximate orientation, determining the standing point by the distance to the nearest landmark on the map.

Author: Mikhailov L.A.

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