General characteristics of emergencies of natural origin. OBZhD

BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
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General characteristics of emergencies of natural origin. Basics of safe life

Fundamentals of Safe Life Activities (OBZhD)

Geological natural phenomena: earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, mudflows, snow avalanches, landslides, precipitation of the earth's surface as a result of internal faults in the earth's crust. Earthquakes and volcanic activity are interconnected and arise as a result of constant active processes occurring in the depths of the Earth.

Landslide - sliding displacements down the slope under the action of gravity forces of the soil mass, form the slopes of the terrain and are caused by a change in the view for some reason.

Seli - Mud-stone flows and avalanches - masses of snow, which, under the influence of some kind of influence, entrain new masses of rocks on their way and slide down.

Meteorological caused by wind, including windstorms, hurricanes, tornadoes, heavy rain, large hail, heavy snowfall, severe snowstorms, dust storms, frost, severe frosts, or extreme heat. Moreover, a hurricane differs from a storm in wind speed with a more destructive force and a significant duration.

Tornado - an atmospheric vortex that arises in a thundercloud and propagates in the form of a dark sleeve towards the land or sea surface.

Hydrological are caused by: high or low water levels and are in the form of floods leading to flooding of lower parts of the land, or, conversely, navigation and water supply to national economic facilities are disrupted; mudflows and snow avalanches; early freezing and the appearance of ice on navigable water bodies.

The concept of "natural fires" includes forest fires, fires of steppe and grain massifs, peat and underground fires of fossil fuels, they are characterized by uncontrolled combustion and spontaneous spread over the surface.

К biological include epidemics (wide spread of an infectious disease among people, significantly exceeding the incidence rate usually recorded in a given territory), epizootics (infectious animal diseases that have common signs) and epiphytoties (the spread of infectious diseases over large areas over a certain period of time, as well as mass diseases, covering several countries or continents).

Space hazards: asteroids (small planets with a diameter of 1-1000 km) and comets pose a threat to the entire biosphere, since when colliding with the Earth, the impact will be accompanied by the release of energy that significantly exceeds the nuclear potential available on Earth; solar radiation is a powerful healing and preventive factor, as well as a process accompanied by harmful consequences for the body (destruction of proteins, vitamins, enzymes, etc.).

Author: Muradova E.O.

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The gannets are a family of seabirds from the pelican order. These birds fly at a speed of 50-60 km / h, dive into the water from a height of 30 m, fold their wings in 0,1 seconds, dive at a speed of almost 100 km / h and dive to a depth of 12-15 m. Quite naturally, that such remarkable qualities have attracted the attention of researchers at Imperial College London, who are developing a new type of drone.

This year saw the birth of several amphibious drones capable of moving both in the air and under water. For example, the Loon Copter developed by the University of Auckland (New Zealand) is a quadcopter that sits on the water, fills the buoyancy chamber with water and slowly sinks. And CRACUNS, made at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, on the contrary, spends most of the time under water and rises into the air only when necessary (however, it cannot return to the water yet).

In order to overcome the shortcomings of existing models and make the amphibious drone more agile, the researchers shaped their device, called the AquaMav, into a mini-rocket shape with variable wing configurations. The 200g drone is lifted into the air thanks to the wings that fold along the body when the need arises to dive like a booby. The drone pops out of the water just as fast with the help of a can of carbon dioxide, gaining enough speed to start gliding again. In this, the device is already more like a flying fish than a bird.

AquaMav is able to stay in the air for up to 14 minutes and reach speeds of up to 48 km/h. With a flight range of up to 5 km, the drone can be a good helper in emergency situations, for example, when oil is released into the water, since it can be used for both surveillance and water sampling.

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