Environmental hazards. OBZhD

BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
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Environmental hazards. Basics of safe life

Fundamentals of Safe Life Activities (OBZhD)

The concept of "danger". Impacts that can cause negative disturbances in the well-being and health of people are called dangers.

Hazard is a property of the elements of the "man - environment" system that can cause damage to people, the natural environment and material resources.

All hazards according to the sources of their occurrence are usually divided into natural and anthropogenic.

Natural hazards arise during natural phenomena in the biosphere - such as earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, cyclones, avalanches.

A characteristic feature of natural hazards is the unexpectedness of their occurrence, although a person has learned to predict some of them, for example, hurricanes, tsunamis. Natural hazards are relatively stable in time and impact.

The emergence of anthropogenic hazards is associated primarily with active man-made activities.

Sources of anthropogenic hazards are people, as well as technical means, buildings, structures, highways - everything that is created by man. The damage from anthropogenic hazards is the higher, the greater the density and energy level of the man-made means used.

The growth of the negative impact, as a rule, is due to violations of technological recommendations, labor discipline and, most importantly, the lack of necessary knowledge about the causes of hazards and the consequences that arise in hazard zones.

According to the nature of the impact on a person, all hazards are divided into harmful and traumatic.

Harmful effects lead to a deterioration in the well-being of a person or to a disease (if the exposure is prolonged). These include: exposure to toxic substances contained in the atmospheric air, water, food; insufficient lighting; high or low air temperature; decrease in the oxygen content in the air.

Similarly, the effect on the body of increased noise, vibrations, electromagnetic fields, ionizing radiation. So, work in low light leads to faster (1,5-2 times) fatigue, and under conditions of elevated temperatures, labor productivity decreases, the body becomes dehydrated, loses vitamins and salts with water.

At the same time, the protective reaction of the body decreases, and cardiovascular diseases occur.

Traumatic effects lead to injuries and death of people with a single action, are characterized by surprise and speed. Electric current, falling objects, the action of moving parts of various installations and means of transport, falls, depressurization of high-pressure systems, often leading to explosions and fires, are all traumatic factors.

Every year, up to 200 thousand people die in the world in the sphere of industrial production, about 120 million people receive injuries of varying severity.

The negative effects on humans also include acute and chronic poisoning.

Acute poisoning is a disease that occurs after a single exposure to a toxic substance on the human body. This usually happens during accidents, when the content of toxic substances in the atmospheric air rises sharply, or when products containing a large amount of toxins are consumed.

At work and at home, food poisoning with pesticides, methyl alcohol, and various solvents is recorded.

Chronic poisoning is a disease that develops after systematically long-term exposure to toxic substances in doses much lower than in acute poisoning. For example, lead and manganese compounds, as well as mercury vapors, are prone to gradual accumulation in the human body.

Authors: Aizman R.I., Krivoshchekov S.G.

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