All about NTSC, PAL and SECAM systems. video art

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All about NTSC, PAL and SECAM systems

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If you decide to purchase a camera abroad, especially in the US and Japan, be extremely careful. Prices in these countries are extremely attractive, only all video equipment is designed to work in NTSC (although there are shops selling electronics in the PAL system especially for Russian tourists, but here you need to be doubly vigilant).

In this regard, it makes sense to delve into the concept of such abbreviations as NTSC, PAL, SECAM

Итак ...

NTSC - this is abbr. English National Television Standards Committee - The National Television Standards Committee is an analog color television system developed in the United States. On December 18, 1953, for the first time in the world, color television broadcasting was launched using this particular system. NTSC has also been adopted as the standard color television system in Canada, Japan, and several countries in the Americas.

Technical features of NTSC:

number of fields - 60 Hz (more precisely 59,94005994 Hz);
number of lines (resolution) - 525;
subcarrier frequency - 3579545,5 Hz.
number of frames per second - 30.
beam scanning is interlaced (interlacing).

PAL - this is abbr. from English. phase-alternating line - an analog color television system, developed by the engineer of the German company "Telefunken" Walter Bruch and introduced as a television broadcasting standard in 1967.

Like all analog television standards, PAL is adapted and compatible with older monochrome (black and white) television broadcasts. In adapted analog color television standards, an additional chrominance signal is transmitted at the end of the monochrome television signal spectrum.

As is known from the nature of human vision, the perception of color consists of three components: red (R), green (G) and blue (B) colors. This color model is abbreviated as RGB. Due to the predominance of the green color component in the average television picture and to avoid redundant coding, the difference between RY and BY (Y is the total brightness of a monochrome television signal) is used as an additional color signal. The PAL system uses the YUV color model.

Both additional chrominance signals in the PAL standard are transmitted simultaneously in quadrature modulation (a variation of AM), the typical subcarrier frequency of the signal is 4433618,75 Hz (4,43 MHz).

In this case, each color difference signal is repeated in the next line with a phase rotation at a frequency of 15,625 kHz by 180 degrees, due to which the PAL decoder completely eliminates phase errors (typical for the NTSC system). To eliminate the phase error, the decoder adds the current line and the previous one from memory (analog television receivers use a delay line). Thus, objectively, a color television image in the PAL standard has half the vertical resolution as a monochrome image.

Subjectively, due to the greater sensitivity of the eye to the brightness component, such a deterioration is almost not noticeable in average statistical pictures. The use of digital signal processing further smoothes this drawback.

SECAM - this is abbr. from fr. Séquentiel couleur avec mémoire, later Séquentiel couleur à mémoire - sequential color with memory - an analog color television system pioneered in France. Historically, it is the first European standard for color television.

The color signal in the SECAM standard is transmitted in frequency modulation (FM), one color component in one television line, in turn. The previous RY or BY signal, respectively, is used as the missing lines, receiving it from memory (in analog television receivers, a delay line is used for this). Thus, objectively, a color television image in the SECAM standard has half the vertical resolution as a monochrome image. Subjectively, due to the greater sensitivity of the eye to the brightness component, such a deterioration is almost not noticeable in average statistical pictures. The use of digital signal processing further smoothes this drawback.

As a joke, it is customary to decipher the SECAM abbreviation as "System Essentially Contrary to AMerican" (a system that is essentially the opposite of the American one).

By the way, video cassettes marked NTSC do not correspond to the PAL system in terms of quality and recording duration.

Publication: video-minidv.blogspot.com

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