Basic principles and regulatory legal framework for the protection of the population from emergency situations. OBZhD

BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
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Basic principles and regulatory legal framework for the protection of the population from emergency situations. Basics of safe life

Fundamentals of Safe Life Activities (OBZhD)

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To date, many countries have come to the conclusion that a targeted state policy is needed to successfully combat natural hazards, man-made and environmental disasters. In 1986, the Chernobyl disaster brought Russia to address the issues of preventing disasters and eliminating their consequences at the state level.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation states that the joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the subjects of the Russian Federation is "the implementation of measures to combat catastrophes, natural disasters, epidemics, and the elimination of their consequences." The Basic Law of the Russian Federation secured the rights of citizens to health protection, a favorable environment, reliable information about its condition, and compensation for damage caused to health or property. These constitutional provisions are reflected and developed in a number of federal laws, laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation and regulatory documents of federal executive bodies.

At the present stage, the main goal of the state policy in the field of protecting the population and territories from emergency situations is to ensure a guaranteed level of security for the individual, society and the state within the limits of scientifically based criteria of acceptable risk.

The development and implementation of this policy is carried out in compliance with the following basic principles:

protection from emergencies is carried out in relation to the entire population of the Russian Federation, as well as in relation to foreign citizens and stateless persons located on the territory of the country;
preparation and implementation of measures to protect against emergency situations are carried out taking into account the division of jurisdiction and powers between federal executive authorities, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments;
in the event of emergencies, priority is given to the tasks of saving lives and preserving people's health;
measures to protect the population and territories from emergency situations of various nature are planned and carried out in strict accordance with international treaties and agreements of the Russian Federation, the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws and other regulatory legal acts;
the main volume of measures aimed at preventing emergency situations, as well as at the maximum possible reduction in the amount of damage and losses in case of their occurrence, is carried out in advance;
planning and implementation of measures to protect the population and territories from emergency situations of various nature are carried out taking into account economic, natural and other characteristics, as well as the characteristics of the territories and the degree of real danger of emergency situations;
the scope and content of measures to protect the population and territories from emergencies of various nature are determined based on the principle of necessary sufficiency and the maximum possible use of available forces and means;
liquidation of emergencies of a different nature is carried out by the forces and means of organizations, local governments, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, in the territories of which an emergency situation has developed; in case of insufficiency of these forces and means, in accordance with the procedure established by the legislation of the Russian Federation, the forces and means of federal executive bodies are involved, as well as, if necessary, the forces and means of other subjects of the Russian Federation.

The implementation of state policy in the field of protecting the population and territories from emergencies is carried out on the basis of relevant laws and regulations through the development and implementation of federal and regional targeted programs, scientific and technical programs, plans for the development and improvement of the RSChS, action plans for the prevention and elimination of emergency situations at all levels, as well as the implementation of a set of organizational, engineering, economic and administrative measures.

The role of the state in ensuring the security of its citizens from natural, man-made and other dangers and threats, first of all, is to create a system of appropriate organizational structures. In Russia, management bodies have been formed at all levels, specially authorized to solve problems in the field of protecting the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies. They are an integral part of the RSChS. The state also plays an important role in creating special forces and means of liquidating emergency situations.

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 3, 1996 No. 924 defines the list of forces and means of the RSChS designed to monitor and control the state of the environment, the situation at potentially hazardous facilities and adjacent territories, and to eliminate emergency situations. As part of the state policy, a legislative, regulatory, legal and methodological framework has been created and is being improved to regulate the protection of the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies and the functioning of the RSChS. In modern conditions, our state pays special attention to issues of scientific and technical policy.

At present, a number of important targeted scientific and technical programs have been adopted and are being implemented. The material and financial support of measures in the field of natural and technogenic safety from the state is constantly increasing. Here we are talking not only about state assistance to the affected population and disaster areas, but also about funds allocated to prevent emergency situations and limit their scale. The role of the state in expanding international cooperation in the field of protecting the population and territories from natural and man-made disasters is growing. This makes it possible to carry out purposeful integration of the RSChS into the systems of prevention and liquidation of emergency situations that are being formed in Europe and the world. Our country has concluded treaties and other international acts on these issues, takes part in the creation of a joint legal framework and in the work of the largest specialized international organizations.

An important place in state policy is given to normative and creative activities in the field of civil defense and protection from emergencies. To date, a number of federal laws, decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation and other regulatory documents have been developed on these issues.

В Law of the Russian Federation "On Security", adopted in 1992, the definition of security is given as a state of protection of the vital interests of the individual, society and the state from internal threats. This law defines the subjects of security and ways to achieve it.

General for the Russian Federation organizational and legal norms in the field of protection of citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens and stateless persons located on the territory of our country, land, water and air space, industrial and social facilities, as well as the natural environment from natural and man-made emergencies character defined in Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On the protection of the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies". This law established the basic principles of protecting the population and territories from emergencies, the powers of state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments, organizations in the field of protection of the population and territories, as well as the delineation of these powers, issues of public administration in the field protection of the population and territories from emergency situations, the rights and obligations of citizens of the Russian Federation in this area, the procedure for preparing the population in the field of protection from emergency situations, as well as the need to create a unified state system for preventing and eliminating emergency situations. On the basis of this law, relevant laws have been developed in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and other regulatory legal acts regulating the issues of protecting the population and territories from emergency situations and the functioning of the RSChS.

Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On emergency rescue services and the status of rescuers" for the first time, the concept of "professional rescuer" was introduced and the general organizational, legal and economic foundations for the creation and functioning of emergency rescue services and emergency rescue teams on the territory of the Russian Federation were established, as well as relations between various bodies, organizations and other legal entities related to activities of rescue services, the rights, duties and responsibilities of rescuers and the foundations of state policy in the field of their legal and social protection.

Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On Civil Defense" determined the tasks in the field of civil defense and the legal basis for their implementation, the powers of state authorities of the Russian Federation, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments and organizations, regardless of their organizational and legal forms and forms of ownership, as well as the forces and means of civil defense.

A number of fundamental provisions that determine the procedure and organization for the protection of the population and territories from emergencies of a different nature are contained in other laws. These laws, first of all, include the Federal Laws of the Russian Federation "On Fire Safety", "On Defense", "On Radiation Safety of the Population", "On Industrial Safety of Hazardous Production Facilities", "On Safety of Hydraulic Structures", "On Social Protection citizens exposed to radiation as a result of the Chernobyl disaster", "On the sanitary and epidemic well-being of the population", "On the state of emergency", "On martial law".

The issues of protecting the population and territories from emergency situations, as well as from the dangers arising from the conduct of hostilities or as a result of these actions, are also reflected in the Fundamentals of the Legislation of the Russian Federation on the Protection of the Health of Citizens, the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, the National Security Concept of the Russian Federation, Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation, "Fundamentals of the Unified State Policy of the Russian Federation in the Field of Civil Defense" and other documents.

In order to implement the requirements of the laws in practice, a large number of regulatory legal documents have been developed, adopted and are in force. To date, only the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation have adopted over 1000 regulatory legal acts regulating relations in this area.

Today it can be stated that in our country a unified legislative and regulatory framework has been formed in the field of protecting the population and territories from emergencies, as well as dangers arising from the conduct of hostilities or as a result of these actions, which clearly defines the main directions of state policy in this area .

Authors: Smirnov A.T., Shakhramanyan M.A., Durnev R.A., Kryuchek N.A.

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