What were the ways of unifying Germany in the XNUMXth century? Detailed answer

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What were the ways of unifying Germany in the XNUMXth century? Detailed answer

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What were the ways of unifying Germany in the XNUMXth century?

By decision of the Congress of Vienna, instead of the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation, the German Confederation was created, which included 35 sovereign monarchies and 4 free cities. Its strongest members were Austria and Prussia, competing with each other for leadership in the Union, and in the future for leadership in a single German state.

The question of the unification of the country became the main thing in the life of the Germans. To resolve this issue in a revolutionary way in Germany in the first half of the nineteenth century. failed.

The question of the unification of Germany remained the main one in the second half of the nineteenth century. After the defeat of the revolution, the path of unification became real, in which the Prussian monarchy played a leading role. But the Austrian monarchy also defended this path. The rivalry led to military conflicts and even wars, from which Prussia emerged victorious.

In the 1860s new people come to the management of Prussia. After the death of Friedrich Wilhelm IV, his brother Wilhelm I becomes king in 1861.

He valued the greatness of Prussia above all else, and to maintain it he strove to have a strong army. The king believed that the unification of the country could only take place by force of arms. To solve this problem, the king needed a strong chancellor, who in 1862 became an experienced politician Otto von Bismarck.

The Franco-Prussian war, which ended with the defeat of France and the unification of Germany, became the strongest catalyst for the unification processes in Germany. A peace treaty with France had not yet been signed, but already on January 18, 1871, the German Empire was solemnly proclaimed in the Hall of Mirrors of the Palace of Versailles. The Prussian king Wilhelm became emperor (Kaiser) of the united country.

The new state included 22 monarchies that retained their autonomy, 3 free cities - Hamburg, Bremen and Lübeck. Prussia was 2/3 of the German Empire.

In the spring of 1871, the first Imperial Reichstag adopted a constitution establishing Prussia's leadership role in the empire.

Period from 1871 to 1878 was a time of active arrangement of the life of the country in the new conditions. A unified management of the country's infrastructure was created, reforms were carried out to modernize its economy. After the defeat of France, the empire received Alsace and part of Lorraine - lands that made it possible to develop heavy industry. In addition, German entrepreneurs successfully used the experience of modernization in other countries, introduced advanced technology and the latest scientific achievements. The country, being surrounded by France and Russia, continued its course towards militarization. The German Empire was becoming a powerful industrial power. It rapidly increased its share in the emerging system of the world economy.

The country's party system played an important role in the consolidation of the new state. It was its constituent components that allowed the most diverse social forces to feel their involvement in political unification processes. Political forces actively helped the Chancellor cement the foundations of the new state. But the desire of Reich Chancellor Bismarck to unify the whole of Germany on the model and likeness of Prussia gave rise to a number of internal political conflicts.

As the pace of industrialization increased, so did the labor movement. Since the mid 1870s. the influence of workers' parties begins to grow rather quickly in it. In 1875, the disparate workers' parties merged into a single Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). The influence of this party, which set the goal of creating a "free people's state", grew. Bismarck, with varying success, fought against the opposition, at the same time he tried to implement social reforms that could prevent the radicalization of the left.

Bismarck's strategic plans were interrupted by the death of Emperor Wilhelm I. In 1890, Bismarck resigned.

The new politicians who replaced Bismarck are beginning to closely link the prospects for their country's progress with expansion, with the struggle for leadership not just on a European but on a global scale. The Pan-German League played an important role in promoting these ideas. His work was patronized by the emperor himself.

Author: Irina Tkachenko

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