Who is guilty? Roman (1841 - 1846)

The action begins in the Russian province, on the estate of the wealthy landowner Alexei Abramovich Negrov. The family gets acquainted with the teacher of the son of Negrov - Misha, Dmitry Yakovlevich Krucifersky, who graduated from Moscow University as a candidate. The Negro is tactless, the teacher is shy.

Negros was promoted to colonel when he was no longer young, after the campaign of 1812, and soon retired with the rank of major general; In retirement, he was bored, managed stupidly, took as his mistress the young daughter of his peasant, with whom he had a daughter, Lyubonka, and finally in Moscow he married an exalted young lady. Negrov's three-year-old daughter and her mother were exiled to the human cell; but Negrova, soon after the wedding, tells her husband that she wants to raise Lyubonka as her own daughter.

Krucifersky is the son of honest parents: a district doctor and a German woman who loved her husband all her life as much as in her youth. The opportunity to get an education was given to him by a dignitary who visited the gymnasium of the county town and noticed the boy. Not being very capable, Krucifersky, however, loved science and earned a degree with diligence. At the end of the course, he received a letter from his father: his wife's illness and poverty forced the old man to ask for help. Krucifersky has no money; the extreme compels him to gratefully accept the offer of Dr. Krupov, inspector of the medical board of the city of NN, to become a teacher in the Negro's house.

The vulgar and rough life of the Negro weighs on Krucifersky, but not only him alone: ​​the ambiguous, difficult position of the daughter of the Negro contributed to the early development of a richly gifted girl. The manners of the house of the Negro are equally alien to both young people, they involuntarily reach out to each other and soon fall in love with each other, and Krucifersky reveals his feelings by reading aloud to Lyubonka Zhukovsky's ballad "Alina and Alsim".

Meanwhile, the bored Glafira Lvovna Negrova also begins to be attracted to the young man; the old French tutor tries to bring the mistress and Krucifersky together, and a funny confusion happens: Krucifersky, out of excitement, not seeing who is in front of him, declares his love to Negro and even kisses her; Glafira Lvovna receives an enthusiastic love letter from Krucifersky Lyubonka. Realizing his mistake, Krucifersky flees in horror; offended Negrova informs her husband about her daughter's allegedly depraved behavior; The Negro, taking advantage of the opportunity, wants to force Krucifersky to take Lyubonka without a dowry, and is very surprised when he resignedly agrees. To support his family, Krucifersky takes the place of a gymnasium teacher.

Having learned about the engagement, the misanthrope Doctor Krupov warns Krutsifersky: “Your bride is not a match for you... she is a tiger cub who does not yet know her strength.”

However, this story does not end with a happy wedding.

Four years later, a new person arrives at NN - the owner of the White Field estate, Vladimir Beltov. There follows a description of the city, sustained in the spirit of Gogol.

Beltov is young and rich, although unofficial; for the residents of NN he is a mystery; they said that, having graduated from the university, he fell into favor with the minister, then quarreled with him and resigned in spite of his patron, then went abroad, entered the Masonic lodge, etc. Beltov’s very appearance produces a complex and contradictory impression: “in the face he somehow strangely combined a good-natured look with mocking lips, the expression of a decent person with the expression of a darling, traces of long and mournful thoughts with traces of passions..."

Beltov's eccentricities are blamed on his upbringing. His father died early, and his mother, an extraordinary woman, was born a serf, by chance she received an education and experienced much suffering and humiliation in her youth; the terrible experience she endured before her marriage was reflected in painful nervousness and convulsive love for her son. As a teacher to her son, she took a Genevan, a "cold dreamer" and an admirer of Rousseau; Unwillingly themselves, the teacher and mother did everything so that Beltov "did not understand reality." After graduating from Moscow University in the ethical and political part, Beltov, with dreams of civic activity, left for St. Petersburg; by acquaintance he was given a good place; but clerical work bored him very soon, and he retired only with the rank of provincial secretary. Ten years have passed since then; Beltov unsuccessfully tried to study both medicine and painting, went on a rampage, wandered around Europe, got bored, and finally, having met his old teacher in Switzerland and touched by his reproaches, he decided to return home to take an elective position in the province and serve Russia.

The city made a grave impression on Beltov: “everything was so greasy <...> not from poverty, but from uncleanliness, and all this came with such pretension, it was so difficult...”; the society of the city presented itself to him as “the fantastic face of some colossal official,” and he was frightened when he saw that “he could not cope with this Goliath.” Here the author tries to explain the reasons for Beltov’s constant failures and justifies him: “there is guilt for people better than any rightness.”

Society also took a dislike to a strange and incomprehensible person.

Meanwhile, the Krucifersky family lives very peacefully, they have a son. True, sometimes Krucifersky is seized by unreasonable anxiety: "I become afraid of my happiness; I, as the owner of enormous wealth, begin to tremble before the future." A friend of the house, the sober materialist Dr. Krupov, makes fun of Krucifersky both for these fears and, in general, for his penchant for "fantasies" and "mysticism." Once Krupov introduces the Krucifersky Beltov into the house.

At this time, the wife of the county leader, Marya Stepanovna, a stupid and rude woman, makes an unsuccessful attempt to get Beltov as a suitor for her daughter - a developed and charming girl, completely unlike her parents. Called to the house, Beltov neglects the invitation, which infuriates the owners; here the city gossip tells the leader about Beltov's too close and dubious friendship. from Kruciferskaya. Pleased with the opportunity to take revenge, Marya Stepanovna spreads gossip.

Beltov actually fell in love with Krutsiferskaya: until now he had never met such a strong character. Krutsiferskaya sees a great man in Beltov. The enthusiastic love of her husband, a naive romantic, could not satisfy her. Finally, Beltov confesses his love to Krutsiferskaya, says that he also knows about her love for him; Krutsiferskaya replies that she belongs to her husband and loves her husband. Beltov is incredulous and mocking; Krutsiferskaya suffers: “What did this proud man want from her? He wanted triumph...” Unable to bear it, Krutsiferskaya rushes into his arms; the meeting is interrupted by the appearance of Krupov.

The shocked Kruciferskaya falls ill; the husband himself is almost ill from fear for her. This is followed by the diary of Kruciferskaya, which describes the events of the next month - the serious illness of her little son, the suffering of both Kruciferskaya and her husband. Resolution of the question: who is to blame? - the author provides the reader.

For Krutsifersky, love for his wife has always been the only content of his life; at first he tries to hide his grief from his wife, sacrificing himself for her peace of mind; but such “unnatural virtue is not at all according to human nature.” One day at a party, he learns from drunken colleagues that his family drama has become city gossip; Krutsifersky gets drunk for the first time in his life and, when he comes home, almost goes on a rampage. The next day he talks to his wife, and “she rose again so high in his eyes, so unattainably high,” he believes that she still loves him, but Krutsifersky does not become happier because of this, confident that he is interfering with the life of the woman he loves. An angry Krupov accuses Beltov of destroying his family and demands to leave the city; Beltov declares that he “does not recognize a trial against himself,” except for the trial of his own conscience, that what happened was inevitable and that he himself is going to leave immediately.

On the same day, Beltov beat an official with a cane in the street, who rudely hinted to him about his relationship with Kruciferskaya.

Having visited his mother in her estate, Beltov leaves in two weeks, where - it is not said.

Kruciferskaya lies in consumption; her husband drinks. Beltov's mother moves to the city to look after the sick woman who loved her son and talk to her about him.

Author of the retelling: G. V. Zykova

Thief magpie. Tale (1846)

Three people are talking about the theatre: a "Slav", with a circle cut, a "European", "not at all cut", and a young man standing outside the parties, cut with a comb (like Herzen), who proposes a topic for discussion: why there are no good people in Russia. actresses. Everyone agrees that there are no good actresses, but everyone explains this according to their own doctrine: a Slav speaks of the patriarchal modesty of a Russian woman, a European speaks of the emotional underdevelopment of Russians, and for a comb-haired man, the reasons are unclear. After everyone has had time to speak out, a new character appears - a man of art and refutes the theoretical calculations with an example: he saw a great Russian actress, and, which surprises everyone, not in Moscow or St. Petersburg, but in a small provincial town. The story of the artist follows (his prototype is M.S. Shchepkin, to whom the story is dedicated).

Once in his youth (at the beginning of the 19th century), he came to the city of N, hoping to enter the theater of the rich Prince Skalinsky. Talking about the first performance seen at the Skalinsky Theater, the artist almost echoes the “European”, although he shifts the emphasis in a significant way: “There was something strained, unnatural in the way the courtyard people <...> presented lords and princesses.” The heroine appears on stage in the second performance - in the French melodrama "The Thieving Magpie" she plays the maid Aneta, unfairly accused of theft, and here in the play of the serf actress the narrator sees "that incomprehensible pride that develops on the edge of humiliation." The depraved judge offers her to “buy freedom with the loss of honor.” The performance, the “deep irony of the face” of the heroine especially amazes the observer; he also notices the prince’s unusual excitement. The play has a happy ending - it is revealed that the girl is innocent and the thief is a magpie, but the actress in the finale plays a creature mortally tortured.

The audience does not call the actress and anger the shocked and almost in love narrator with vulgar remarks. Behind the scenes, where he rushed to tell her about his admiration, they explain to him that she can only be seen with the permission of the prince. The next morning, the narrator goes for permission and in the prince's office meets, by the way, the artist, who played the lord on the third day, almost in a straitjacket. The prince is kind to the narrator, because he wants to get him into his troupe, and explains the severity of the order in the theater by the excessive arrogance of the artists who are accustomed to the role of nobles on stage.

"Aneta" meets a fellow artist as a native person and confesses to him. To the narrator, she seems to be "a statue of graceful suffering", he almost admires how she "delicately perishes".

The landowner, to whom she belonged from birth, seeing in her abilities, provided every opportunity to develop them and treated them as if they were free; he died suddenly, and did not take care to write out vacation pay for his artists in advance; they were sold at a public auction to the prince.

The prince began to harass the heroine, she evaded; Finally, an explanation took place (the heroine had previously read Schiller's Intrigue and Love aloud), and the offended prince said: "You are my serf, not an actress." These words had such an effect on her that soon she was already in consumption.

The prince, without resorting to gross violence, pettyly annoyed the heroine: he took away the best roles, etc. Two months before meeting the narrator, she was not allowed from the yard to the shops and was insulted, suggesting that she was in a hurry to see her lovers. The insult was deliberate: her behavior was impeccable. “So is it to preserve our honor that you are locking us up? Well, prince, here is my hand, my word of honor, that within a year I will prove to you that the measures you have chosen are insufficient!”

In this novel of the heroine, in all probability, the first and last, there was no love, but only despair; she said almost nothing about him. She became pregnant, most of all she was tormented by the fact that the child would be born a serf; she hopes only for a speedy death of her and her child, by the grace of God.

The narrator leaves in tears, and, having found the prince's proposal at home to join his troupe on favorable terms, he leaves the city, leaving the invitation unanswered. After he learns that "Aneta" died two months after giving birth.

The excited listeners are silent; the author compares them with a "beautiful tomb group" to the heroine. “That’s all right,” the Slav said, getting up, “but why didn’t she get married in secret? ..”

Author of the retelling: G. V. Zykova

Past and thoughts. Autobiographical book (1852 - 1868)

Herzen's book begins with the stories of his nanny about the ordeals of the Herzen family in Moscow in 1812, occupied by the French (A.I. himself was then a small child); ends with European impressions 1865 - 1868. Actually, “The Past and Thoughts” cannot be called memoirs in the exact sense of the word: we find a consistent narrative, it seems, only in the first five parts out of eight (before moving to London in 1852); further - a series of essays, journalistic articles, arranged, however, in chronological order. Some chapters of "Past and Thoughts" were originally published as independent works ("Western Arabesques", "Robert Owen"). Herzen himself compared “The Past and Thoughts” with a house that is constantly being completed: with “a set of extensions, superstructures, outbuildings.”

Part one - "Children's room and university (1812 - 1834)" - describes mainly life in the house of his father - an intelligent hypochondriac, who seems to his son (like his uncle, like his father's youth friends - for example, O. A. Zherebtsov) a typical product of the XNUMXth century .

The events of December 14, 1825 had an extraordinary impact on the boy's imagination. In 1827, Herzen met his distant relative N. Ogarev, a future poet, very beloved by Russian readers in the 1840s - 1860s; with him, Herzen would later run a Russian printing house in London. Both boys love Schiller very much; among other things, this quickly brings them together; the boys look at their friendship as an alliance of political conspirators, and one evening on the Sparrow Hills, “hugging each other, they swore an oath, in view of all Moscow, to sacrifice <...> their lives for their chosen <...> fight.” Herzen continued to preach his radical political views even as an adult - a student in the physics and mathematics department of Moscow University.

Part two - “Prison and exile” (1834 - 1838)”: in a trumped-up case of insulting His Majesty, Herzen, Ogarev and others from their university circle were arrested and exiled; Herzen in Vyatka serves in the office of the provincial government, responsible for the statistical department; in the relevant chapters “Bygone and Thoughts” contains a whole collection of sad and anecdotal cases from the history of government of the province.

It also very expressively describes A.L. Vitberg, whom Herzen met in exile, and his talented and fantastic project for a temple in memory of 1812 on the Sparrow Hills.

In 1838 Herzen was transferred to Vladimir.

Part Three - "Vladimir-on-Klyazma" (1838 - 1839)" - a romantic love story between Herzen and Natalya Alexandrovna Zakharyina, the illegitimate daughter of Uncle Herzen, who was raised by a half-crazed and evil aunt. Relatives do not give consent to their marriage; in 1838 Herzen arrives to Moscow, where he is prohibited from entering, takes his bride away and gets married secretly.

In part four - "Moscow, St. Petersburg and Novgorod" (1840 - 1847)" describes the Moscow intellectual atmosphere of the era. Herzen and Ogarev, who returned from exile, became close to the young Hegelians - the Stankevich circle (primarily with Belinsky and Bakunin). In the chapter "Not ours" ( about Khomyakov, Kireevsky, K. Aksakov, Chaadaev) Herzen speaks first of all about what brought Westerners and Slavophiles together in the 40s (followed by explanations why Slavophilism cannot be confused with official nationalism, and discussions about the Russian community and socialism) .

In 1846, for ideological reasons, Ogarev and Herzen moved away from many, primarily from Granovsky (a personal quarrel between Granovsky and Herzen due to the fact that one believed and the other did not believe in the immortality of the soul is a very characteristic feature of the era) ; After this, Herzen decides to leave Russia.

Part Five (“Paris - Italy - Paris (1847 - 1852): Before the revolution and after it”) tells about the first years spent by Herzen in Europe: about the first day of the Russian, who finally found himself in Paris, the city where much of what he at home I read with such greed: “So, I’m really in Paris, not in a dream, but in reality: after all, this is the Vendôme Column and ruedela Paix”; about the national liberation movement in Rome, about “Young Italy”, about the February revolution of 1848 in France (all this is described quite briefly: Herzen refers the reader to his “Letters from France and Italy”), about emigration in Paris - mainly Polish , with its mystical messianic, Catholic pathos (by the way, about Mickiewicz), about the June Days, about his flight to Switzerland, and so on.

Already in the fifth part, the sequential presentation of events is interrupted by independent essays and articles. In the interlude "Western Arabesques" Herzen - clearly impressed by the regime of Napoleon III - speaks with despair about the death of Western civilization, so dear to every Russian socialist or liberal. Europe is being destroyed by the philistinism that has taken over everything with its cult of material well-being: the soul is declining. (This theme becomes the leitmotif of “Past and Thoughts”: see, for example: chapter “John Stuart Mill and his book “OnLiberty” in the sixth part.) Herzen sees the only way out in the idea of ​​a welfare state.

In the chapters about Proudhon, Herzen writes about the impressions of his acquaintance (Proudhon’s unexpected gentleness in personal communication) and about his book “On Justice in the Church and in the Revolution.” Herzen does not agree with Proudhon, who sacrifices the human personality to the “inhuman god” of a just state; Herzen constantly argues with such models of a social state - among the ideologists of the 1891 revolution like Babeuf or among the Russian sixties, bringing such revolutionaries closer to Arakcheev (see, for example, chapter “Robert Owen” in part six).

Especially unacceptable for Herzen is the attitude of Proudhon towards a woman - the possessive attitude of the French peasant; about such complex and painful things as betrayal and jealousy, Proudhon judges too primitively. It is clear from Herzen's tone that this topic is close and painful for him.

The fifth part is completed by the dramatic history of the Herzen family in the last years of Natalya Alexandrovna's life: this part of "The Past and Thoughts" was published many years after the death of the persons described in it.

The events of June 1848 in Paris (the bloody defeat of the uprising and the accession of Napoleon III), and then the serious illness of her little daughter had a fatal effect on the impressionable Natalya Alexandrovna, who was generally prone to bouts of depression. Her nerves are tense, and she, as can be understood from Herzen’s restrained story, enters into too close a relationship with Herwegh (the famous German poet and socialist, Herzen’s closest friend at that time), touched by complaints about the loneliness of his misunderstood soul. Natalya Alexandrovna continues to love her husband, the current state of affairs torments her, and she, finally realizing the need for a choice, explains to her husband; Herzen expresses her readiness to divorce if that is her will; but Natalya Alexandrovna remains with her husband and breaks up with Herweg. (Here Herzen paints in satirical colors the family life of Herwegh, his wife Emma - the daughter of a banker, who was married for her money, an enthusiastic German woman who obsessively takes care of her husband, who is brilliant, in her opinion. Emma allegedly demanded that Herzen sacrifice his family happiness for the sake of Herwegh's peace of mind.)

After reconciliation, the Herzens spend several happy months in Italy. In 1851, Herzen’s mother and little son Kolya died in a shipwreck. Meanwhile, Herwegh, not wanting to come to terms with his defeat, pursues the Herzens with complaints, threatens to kill them or commit suicide, and finally notifies mutual acquaintances about what happened. Friends stand up for Herzen; Unpleasant scenes follow with the recollection of old monetary debts, assault, publications in periodicals, and so on. Natalya Alexandrovna cannot bear all this and dies in 1852 after another birth (apparently from consumption).

The fifth part ends with the section “Russian Shadows” - essays about Russian emigrants with whom Herzen communicated a lot at that time. N.I. Sazonov, Herzen’s friend at the university, wandered a lot and somewhat senselessly around Europe, was carried away by political projects to the point that he didn’t think much of Belinsky’s “literary” activities, for example, for Herzen this Sazonov is the type of Russian person of that time, in vain ruined the “abyss of forces” not claimed by Russia. And here, remembering his peers, Herzen, in the face of the arrogant new generation - the “sixties” - “demands recognition and justice” for these people who “sacrificed everything <...> that traditional life offered them, <...> because of their convictions <...> Such people cannot simply be archived...". A.V. Engelson for Herzen is a man of the generation of Petrashevites with his characteristic “painful breakdown”, “immense pride”, which developed under the influence of “trashy and petty” people who then made up the majority, with “a passion for introspection, self-research, self-accusation” - and moreover, with deplorable sterility and inability to work hard, irritability and even cruelty.

After the death of his wife, Herzen moved to England: after Herwegh made Herzen’s family drama public, Herzen needed the arbitration court of European democracy to sort out his relationship with Herwegh and recognize Herzen as right. But Herzen found peace not in such a “trial” (it never happened), but in work: he “began <...> to “Past and Thoughts” and to the organization of the Russian printing house.”

The author writes about the beneficial loneliness in his then London life (“wandering alone around London, along its stone clearings, <...> sometimes not seeing a single step ahead from the continuous opal fog and jostling with some running shadows, I a lot lived") ; it was loneliness among the crowd: England, proud of its “right of asylum,” was then filled with emigrants; Part Six ("England (1852 - 1864)") mainly talks about them.

From the leaders of the European socialist and national liberation movement, with whom Herzen was familiar, some were close (chapter “Mountain Peaks” - about Mazzini, Ledru-Rollin, Kossuth, etc.; chapter “Camiciarossa” <“Red Shirt” > about how England hosted Garibaldi - about the national delight and intrigues of the government, which did not want to quarrel with France) - to spies, criminals begging for benefits under the guise of political exiles (chapter "London Freemen of the Fifties"). Convinced of the existence of a national character, Herzen devotes separate essays to the emigration of different nationalities ("Polish Immigrants", "Germans in Emigration" (here see, in particular, the description of Marx and the "Marxids" - the "sulfur gang"; Herzen considered them very dishonest people capable of doing anything to destroy a political rival; Marx repaid Herzen in kind). Herzen was especially curious to observe how national characters manifest themselves in conflict with each other (see the humorous description of how the case of the French duelists was considered in an English court - ch. " Two processes").

Part Seven is dedicated to Russian emigration itself (see, for example, separate essays about M. Bakunin and V. Pecherin), the history of free Russian printing and the Bell (1858 - 1862). The author begins by describing an unexpected visit to him by some colonel, a man, apparently, ignorant and completely illiberal, but who considered it his duty to appear before Herzen as his superior: “I immediately felt like a general.” First chapter - “Apogee and Perigee”: the enormous popularity and influence of “The Bell” in Russia comes after the famous Moscow fires and especially after Herzen dared to support the Poles in print during their uprising in 1862.

Part Eight (1865 - 1868) has no title or general theme (no wonder its first chapter is “Without Communication”); This describes the impressions made on the author in the late 60s. different countries of Europe, and Herzen still sees Europe as the kingdom of the dead (see the chapter on Venice and the “prophets” - “Daniels”, denouncing imperial France, by the way, about P. Leroux); No wonder a whole chapter - “From the Other World” - is dedicated to old people, once successful and famous people. Switzerland seems to Herzen to be the only place in Europe where one can still live.

“The Past and Thoughts” concludes with “Old Letters” (texts of letters to Herzen from N. Polevoy, Belinsky, Granovsky, Chaadaev, Proudhon, Carlyle). In the preface to them, Herzen contrasts letters with a “book”: in letters the past “does not press with all its force, as it does in a book. The random content of letters, their easy ease, their everyday concerns bring us closer to the writer.” So understood, the letters are similar to the entire book of Herzen’s memoirs, where, along with judgments about European civilization, he tried to preserve the very “random” and “everyday”. As stated in Chapter XXIV. the fifth part, “what, in general, are letters, if not notes about a short time?”

Author of the retelling: G. V. Zykova

<< Back: Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol 1809-1852 (Evenings on a farm near Dikanka. Stories published by beekeeper Rudy Panko (1831-1832). Notes of a madman. Tale (1833). Nevsky Prospekt. Tale (1834). Nose. Tale (1835). Old-world landowners. Tale (1835). Taras Bulba. Tale (1835 - revised 1842). Viy. Tale (1835, revised 1842). The story of how Ivan Ivanovich quarreled with Ivan Nikiforovich. Tale (1835). The Inspector General. Comedy (1836). Overcoat. Tale (1842). Marriage. An absolutely incredible event in two acts. Comedy (1842). Players. Comedy (1842). Dead Souls. Poem (1835-1852). Portrait. Tale (1st ed. - 1835, 2nd ed.-1842))

>> Forward: Ivan Alexandrovich Goncharov 1812-1891 (An ordinary story. Novel (1847). Oblomov. Novel (1849-1857, published 1859). Broken. Novel (1849-1869))

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