foreword

Garin-Mikhailovsky's tetralogy is a single plot narrative unfolding in chronological sequence, the starting point of which is the 70s. XIX century. The place of action is the city of Odessa. Moreover, a direct indication in the text of the place of the events described is made by the author only in the fourth part of the tetralogy - in the story "Engineers". In the first two books, a certain seaside town appears, and in "Students" the hero's homeland is called the Novorossiysk Territory. The four-part narrative of Garin-Mikhailovsky is primarily a story about the seventeen years of the life of the central character (in the first part he is eight years old; in the fourth - twenty-five) Themes (Artemy Nikolaevich) Kartashev; about the process of gradual development and formation of a person with all the ups and downs, organically built into the general family history (the subtitle of the first three parts is "From the family chronicle").

Childhood Topics. Tale (1892)

The action takes place in the Kartashevs' house. The head of the family is retired General Nikolai Semenovich Kartashev. The stern character and bearing of the Nikolaev General Kartashev Sr. give a very definite direction to the upbringing of children, among whom Theme, the eldest in a family of boys, turns out to be the main "igniter of the usual excitement", which means that his pranks become the subject of the closest attention of his father, who resists "sentimental "raising a son who "produces" a "nasty slobber" out of him. However, Tema's mother, Aglaida Vasilievna, a smart and finely educated woman, holds a different view on the upbringing of her own son. In her opinion, any educational measures should not destroy the child's human dignity, turn him into a "fouled beast", intimidated by the threat of corporal punishment. Eight-year-old Theme, finding himself between the two poles of understanding parental duty and explaining his actions to himself and others, tries to predict the reaction of each of the parents.

Such is the first meeting with the hero, when, having accidentally broken his father's favorite flower, he cannot honestly admit his deed: the fear of the father's cruelty exceeds the trust in maternal justice. This is the reason for all the subsequent "feats" of the hero: the unthinkable gallop on the stallion Gnedko, the torn skirt of the bonne, the broken sudok and, finally, the stolen sugar - the whole "tale of a sad day" - the first day of the story, ending for Theme with a severe father's punishment. The unkind memory of such executions will remain with Theme for many years to come. So, after almost twenty years, accidentally finding himself in his own home, he recalls the place where he was flogged, and his own feeling for his father, "hostile, never reconciled."

In this early period, it is important for Tema’s mother that, “despite all the hustle and bustle of feelings” and the variety of childhood impressions that give rise not only to whims, but also to the most thoughtless actions, a warm heart sits in her son’s chest. The attentive but demanding love of Aglaida Vasilievna resonates in the soul of the boy, who readily tells her the story of his misfortunes. After a sincere confession and repentance, Theme experiences especially lofty feelings, but being in an emotionally excited state from the physical suffering he endured, the result of which is the subsequent illness, he shows thoughtless courage and commits a truly courageous act.

The "bad-smoking minion" reminisces about his beloved little dog Zhuchka. Having learned from the nanny that "some Herod" threw her into an old well, Theme, first in a dream, and then in reality, saves her pet. Memories of a feeling of disgust from contact with the "stinking surface" and "mucous walls of a half-rotten log house" remained in the memory of Theme for a long time. This episode will turn out to be such a strong emotional impression that in the future, through the prism of what happened to him on that memorable summer night, the hero interprets all the most difficult circumstances of his own life (for example, in the third part of the tetralogy, the hero falls ill with syphilis - in a farewell note to his mother, he compares himself with the Beetle, thrown into a well).

Then Temina's "exploits" end with an ice compress, feverish delirium and several weeks of serious illness. However, the healthy body of the child takes over - recovery follows, and the warm, reconciling autumn weather creates such a mood in the hero when "everything around is the same", "everything pleases with its monotony" and again there is an opportunity "to live one common life".

The recovery of Thema coincides with another important event, apart from pre-gymnasium expectations and preparations. Theme is allowed to visit the "rented yard", a wasteland rented out by Kartashev's father, where he could "run around with the kids" all day long, "surrender to the sensations of the life of his new friends": their games of "jigu" (a type of spinning top), forays into the cemetery and walks to the sea. So another two years of free life passed, and "the gymnasium arrived in time." The topic survives the exam in the first grade - the first fears of the "fierce Latinist" and the adoration of the good-natured teacher of natural history begin, the sharpness of the first friendly experiences arises. But gradually the emotional upsurge is replaced by a more even, everyday mood, and the days drag on, "colorless in their monotony, but also strong and irrevocable in their results."

Against the background of general cognitive impressions, of particular importance is the acquisition of a friend in the person of Ivanov's "kind and meek" classmate, who, in comparison with Tema, turns out to be a rather well-read boy. Thanks to him, in the second grade, Kartashev reads Mine Reed and Gogol. However, after an unpleasant story, Ivanov is expelled from the gymnasium, and the friendship between them ends: not only because of the lack of common interests, but also because Ivanov becomes a witness to the cowardly act of his friend. For Theme, this ordeal does not end with a break with Ivanov: in the class, he gets a reputation as a "betrayer", and he has to endure several days of "heavy loneliness".

However, Tema will still meet Ivanov in his life, while studying in St. Petersburg, and meanwhile he makes new friends, with whom, full of adventurous and romantic dreams, he plans to escape to America so as not to go "the beaten path of a vulgar life." Buddies who are keen on building a boat for a sea voyage show significantly less zeal for learning. The result of this is negative grades in the gymnasium magazine. The theme hides its "successes" from the family, so subsequent events turn out to be a complete surprise for them. "America didn't burn out"; the company earned the nickname "Americans", and meanwhile the time of examinations approached, when general idleness was discovered. The fear of failing the exams gives rise to various fantasies in Kartashev, among which is the thought of "suicide" by "swallowing matches", which ended happily and without consequences. Theme passes exams and moves to the third grade.

It was at this time that Theme came closer to his father, who became softer, more affectionate and more and more sought the company of the family. The previously laconic Kartashev Sr. tells his son about "campaigns, comrades, battles." But the strong body of Nikolai Semenovich begins to betray him, and soon the noisy and cheerful house of the Kartashevs is filled with "the sobs of an orphaned family."

This sad event ends the first part of the tetralogy, and in the second book - "Gymnasium students" - the reader meets Tema Kartashev, a sixth grade student.

Author of the retelling: T. M. Margulis

Gymnasium students. Tale (1893)

It is in this part of the story that the main circle of friends of the protagonist develops (a company consisting of Kartashev, Kornev, Dolba, Berendi, Lario and Darcier) and common interests with them. The initial confrontation ("Kartashev's party" - "Kornev's party") of the two most authoritative and respected students in the class develops into a rapprochement between them, and then into true friendship, despite the ongoing disputes "decidedly about everything." At the same time, Kartashev has the most conflicting feelings. On the one hand, Kornev’s erudition, whose track record includes Pisarev, Bokl, Belinsky, and firmness in judgments and assessments, cannot but inspire respect in him, but, on the other hand, wanting to maintain his own point of view, Tema tries to limit Kornev’s influence on your mental life. Only after reading all the books necessary for a "progressive young man" did Kartashev and Kornev "creep into equality".

Soon Kartashev will become a frequent guest in the Kornevs' house and even fall in love with his friend's younger sister. However, Pisarev’s gymnasium hobbies and the religious doubts that Tema has as a result of communication with Kornev come into conflict with the values ​​of the Kartashev family. Aglaida Vasilievna tries to welcome her son’s comrades, especially Kornev, in order to have a direct opportunity to know about the direction of their thoughts and interests. Her intelligence, attentive attitude towards each of Kartashev’s friends, as well as the cordiality with which guests are received, turns out to be attractive to the entire company, which is going to publish a gymnasium magazine by analogy with the periodicals that existed at that time. Moreover, each of the participants in the future magazine set an individual creative task. For example, Berendya undertook to “prove historically that the Russian race is following the universal path of progress.” Dolba decides to start popularizing the ideas of Focht, Moleschott and Buchner in Pisarev's adaptation due to the lack of translations from the originals. The topic poses a more “utilitarian” problem. He decides to write an article about the dangers of classical education.

After the release of the magazine, they get to know him not only in the gymnasium - the pages, rewritten in an even, neat handwriting, were brought home by Kartashev. However, Tema's mother was delighted with the logically developing thought in Kornev's article, and her own son's opus only upset Aglaida Vasilievna, and in the gymnasium they spoke exclusively about the articles of Kornev, Dolba and Berendi - they were silent about Kartashev. Nevertheless, wounded pride does not prevent Theme from continuing to take part in general comradely disputes. Through Berendya, the company gets acquainted with drunken technician and teacher. The discussion about the fate of these people develops into a heated debate about earthly happiness, about the altruistic ideal of life, "which is inaccessible to either the dirty hands of a rogue or fatal accidents." But in the face of Aglaida Vasilievna, Theme does not find sympathy for the arguments about the "truth of the tavern." His mother tells him about the ability to distinguish "the delirium of a degraded drunkard from the truth", to fight not with people, but with their delusions, with the evil in them.

Relationships in the Kornev family are built differently. Unlike Theme, parental influence on Kornev is limited to maintaining external decency - regardless of his son’s religious views, the father demands that he attend church. In the Kartashev family, Kornev is treated somewhat warily, but with constant interest. Therefore, they readily confirm the invitation made by Tema to Kornev, after passing the exams, to spend the holidays in their village, where friends can enjoy life “in pleasant idleness.” However, Tema and Kornev are not only relaxing, but also trying to get acquainted with the life of the peasants. To do this, the friends communicate a lot with the village priest and the seemingly successful landowner Neruchev, who would later become the husband of Kartashev’s older sister Zina. Their family life will be unhappy, and then Zina, already the mother of three children, will leave them in the care of Aglaida Vasilyevna, and she will take monastic vows in Jerusalem as a nun. But then the time spent in the gymnasium turns out to be one of the brightest episodes in the life of each of the young people: the Kartashev mother and sisters are fascinated by Kornev’s intelligence and talents (he sings well and has an undoubted artistic gift). The return to the city and the beginning of the new school year became and the beginning of subsequent sad events in the fate of some of the heroes of the story. Over the summer, Berendya, living as a hermit and meeting only with “drunks,” especially (before that, the whole company was not averse to drinking sometimes) became addicted to vodka. In addition, the following incident occurred at the gymnasium: following a denunciation from a Latinist, after a literary evening, a history teacher beloved by the gymnasium students, who had given a speech at that evening about the need for changes in the education system, was forced to submit his resignation. Berendya and Rylsky turned out to be the main instigators of the obstruction organized by the schoolchildren against the informer. Their expulsion from the gymnasium followed, which became fatal for Berendi. Finally entangled in money and love relationships, unfairly accused of murder, Berendya commits suicide. His death makes a “stunning impression” in the gymnasium. At the funeral, Dolba makes a speech, which almost becomes the reason for his expulsion, and only the intercession of Kartashev, who was a relative of the new governor-general appointed to the city, saves him from the sad fate of Berendi and Rylsky. By the way, the latter, who was considered the most handsome in the company and was the groom of Natasha Korneva, Vasya Kornev’s sister (only Kartashev, who was himself in love with Natasha at that time, was privy to the secret of this “engagement”), is leaving abroad forever. The “drunks,” whose names, along with Berendi’s, appeared in the murder case that occurred in the city, were expelled from Odessa.

In addition, the educational reform that began led to changes in the lives of each of the high school students. Classical education was no longer limited to seven years - an additional (eighth) year of study was introduced. But for those who passed the final exams, the gymnasium time ended this year. The whole company "with fear and trembling" was preparing for the exams, firmly deciding to finish the gymnasium at all costs.

Exam tests are happily completed for both Theme and all his comrades.

Author of the retelling: T. M. Margulis

Students. Tale (1895)

The third part of the trilogy begins with preparations for departure to the capital. The main character, Tema Kartashev, is full of dreams about how he “will become serious, will study, will be a scientist,” and for his loved ones this is a time of regret about the ideal Tema whom they wanted to see and whom they loved. After a month's stay in the village, after careful monthly preparations, Kartashev, Kornev, Lario, Darcier and Shatsky, who joined the company while passing his final exams, leave for St. Petersburg to study. For Tema, leaving for St. Petersburg means “settling accounts with his past life,” with everything that “was vulgar <...>, made it everyday.” Arriving in St. Petersburg, the company scattered - everyone entered different educational institutions: Tema - to the law faculty of the university, Kornev - to the Medical-Surgical Academy, Shatsky - to the Institute of Transport.

Tema's first impression of St. Petersburg was strong and pleasant, but then it gave way to a feeling of loneliness, boredom and alienation. Waiting for the beginning of the academic year at the university becomes tedious for Kartashev, but even more painful is the impression of the "bottomless chaos of the first lecture." Kartashev, who read Boyle, Chernyshevsky, Dobrolyubov and, according to his own ideas, reached incredible heights of learning, does not understand what is said in the lectures. Lacking regular and equal communication, Kartashev is in a depressed state due to new sensations and experiences that have flooded him. Unlike Kartashev, Kornev, despite even the first failure in the entrance exam, turns out to be more adapted to independent living.

Having entered the academy with great difficulty, he wisely arranges his life, “subscribes to reading books,” makes a certain circle of acquaintances from among those students with whom he regularly meets in the kitchen, where he has lunch. Later, Kornev will introduce Kartashev to the participants of this circle, among whom will be Kartashev’s long-time gymnasium friend Ivanov. But during the first time of their stay in St. Petersburg, old friends communicate quite rarely. This is the reason for Tema’s rapprochement with Shatsky. Kartashev’s plans to catch up on lost time, study hard - read Hegel and others - remain unrealized, and all academic studies end with Shatsky reading Rocambole, the author of popular adventure novels, and participating in various entertainments and hoaxes of Shatsky, who became famous for them back in his high school days.

The adventures of Shatsky's Petersburg period, and with him his new friend Kartashev, turn out to be less harmless. The financial affairs of friends due to frequent visits to the operetta theater and other entertainment venues soon fall into a deplorable state. After the sale of all the more or less valuable things of both Shatsky and Kartashev, and the completely impoverished Lario, after repeated requests for help from relatives, Kartashev has a rather significant debt, which he is unable to pay off on his own. But gradually the theme gets bored with entertainment; Shatsky turns into "the former" idiot "for him (his gymnasium nickname), and after a major quarrel between friends, Kartashev moves to a new apartment, decides to radically change his lifestyle, communicates more with Kornev. Trips to the operetta are replaced by opera performances (opera is a long-standing Kornev's hobby), and a volume of Goethe appears on Kartashev's table instead of Rocambole.

He works a lot and, although he is tormented by doubts about his own talent and the value of his “writings,” he decides to show what he has written to Kornev. The friend expresses a balanced and responsible judgment. He believes that Tema has already “understood the confusion of life,” but does not yet have a “philosophical basis” for creativity, and calls him “a master of calluses.” Confused by his friend’s grades, Tema nevertheless returns to writing experiments during the exam period. He conceives the idea of ​​a story about a needy student who, unable to bear his plight, throws himself out of a window on Easter. Having finished the story, he takes it to the Delo magazine, and two weeks later he learns that the editors refuse to print it. In addition, Tema, having failed the first exam, submits a petition for dismissal from the university. He gets closer to Shatsky again. Sharing his “theory of the practice of life,” he submits documents to the institute where his friend studies, also deciding to become an engineer. Having bought gymnasium textbooks on mathematics, Kartashev took up what he “considered to have already been handed over forever to the archives of life.” Shatsky's chaotic lifestyle leads to him becoming seriously ill. Only thanks to the efforts of Kartashev, Shatsky receives medical care, and Lario, with whom his friends are quite actively communicating at this time, is given the position of tutor, which, however, does not help improve his financial situation.

Soon after his expulsion from the Technological Institute, which occurred as a result of student unrest and cost Lario and other students imprisonment in a transit prison, he was expelled from St. Petersburg. And Kartashev and Shatsky are taking exams: The topic is introductory, and Shatsky is in the second year. Kartashev goes to his relatives for a few days, where everyone is pleased with his decisive action and unanimously predicts a brilliant future. Upon returning to St. Petersburg, the usual institute life awaited Tema: lectures, work in the drawing rooms. Without definitely joining any of the institute circles, which were more inclined “toward fermentation of the heart rather than mental,” Kartashev gives preference to the so-called “emasculated”—the foppish institute majority. Despite his high school reputation as a “red,” Tema goes over to the side of “well-mannered boys,” as Kornev puts it, speaking out against provoking riots at the institute’s ball. However, soon all institute affairs fade into the background. Kartashev learns that all his many love affairs were not in vain and he is sick with syphilis. He is in a state close to suicide, but life-saving help comes from home. The mother's brother arrives - "the kindest Uncle Mitya" - who, having paid all his nephew's debts, having fairly argued with him about God and the difference in views of "fathers" and "children", takes him home for treatment. The “restive companion” arrives at his home with the feeling of being arrested. The depressed state is aggravated by the fact that Kartashev, ready for any maternal reproaches, turns out to be absolutely at a loss before the feeling of physical disgust that he evoked in Aglaida Vasilievna. At the same time, Kartashev’s acute desire to live is combined with complete despair and “stupid indifference” to everything that is happening and especially to your future destiny. It is in this state that the author leaves his hero at the end of the third part of the tetralogy.

Author of the retelling: T. M. Margulis

Engineers. Tale (1907)

The reader is presented with a twenty-five-year-old young man, a graduate of the Institute of Communications, for whom something has happened, "which for fourteen years he has been striving for with thousands of risks of breaking loose." After graduating from the institute, Kartashev wants to find a job "where they don't take bribes." Full of such noble and utopian dreams, accompanied by Shatsky, with whom they will no longer meet, he leaves Petersburg, six years of life in which "flashed like six pages of a read book." Returning home did not refresh Kartashev: in relations with his mother, tension is felt; too much had changed in the house during his absence. In a political case, Manya Kartasheva ended up in the dock, quarrels with her older sister Zina's husband constantly affect the life of the family, in which even the youngest - Anya and Seryozha - graduate from the gymnasium. Due to the difficult financial situation, the Kartashevs do not live in the former spacious house, but rent a small apartment in the same mansion with the family of the chairman of the military court, Istomin, who took part in the fate of Manya.

The subject tries to enter into the well-established life of the family, without opposing himself to religious principles (at the insistence of Aglaida Vasilievna and the sisters, he attends church), participates in solving family problems, and again begins to write. At the same time, Kartashev met with a relative of the Istomins, Adelaide Borisovna Voronova, who would become his bride. Kartashev's stay with his family was not too long. At the urging of his uncle, he is preparing for a trip "to the theater of operations" as an authorized representative for the delivery of carts to the front. However, once in Bendery, Kartashev, under patronage, gets a job as an intern at the construction of a local railway.

For the main character, days of “continuous, hard work” are coming. At the same time, Kartashev shows such zeal that his colleagues have to “cool the ardor” of the newly minted road builder. Self-love, as well as the satisfied knowledge that he can work, triples the strength of the protagonist. During the construction of the road, he meets the family of his former classmate Sikorsky, also a railway engineer, educated in Ghent and much more experienced than Kartashev. In the engineering community, Tema is mistaken for one of his own - the “red”, although he “had nothing to do with revolutionary circles and certainly does not have anything to do with it.” Shutting between Bendery and Odessa on official business, Kartashev decides to communicate more closely with Manya, studying the program of the party, with which she still cooperates. He learns that his sister is a member of Earth and Freedom.

But while Kartashev continues to work so hard that "there is not enough day." And mentally he is directed to wonderful memories of Adelaide Borisovna. Kartashev's official career is progressing especially successfully: his salary is increased, he finds a sand pit that is so necessary for the construction of the road. This find strengthens his reputation as a "efficient and intelligent worker." After the completion of the construction of a section of the road located in the Bendery region and completed in an incredibly short time - within forty-three days - Kartashev gets a prestigious business trip to Bucharest, which, however, did not justify the ambitious hopes of the hero. From Bucharest he follows to Reni, where he continues to participate in construction. At first, he has a difficult relationship with the head of construction. The flood of the Danube, the collapses of the railroad tracks that followed, and attempts to save the road from final destruction made up the following pages in Kartashev's professional biography.

He gets to work with even more energy: he develops a ballast quarry, supervises the renovation of sleepers that have rotted as a result of the flood, which earns the final trust of the construction manager, who shares his vast experience with him. After long, painful thoughts under the pressure of the sisters’ matter, Kartashev makes a “written proposal” to Adelaide Borisovna, written in “florid expressions.”

Having received a reply telegram “from Delhi,” Kartashev sets off by emergency train to Odessa, “full of happiness and terrible fear,” thinking about the one “who seemed unattainable to him,” and now has condescended to “carry away forever into the bright, pure world of love and truth.” , of good". But for now, the heroes will face a three-month separation: Delhi is leaving to rest, and Kartashev is “fussing around with contractors,” traveling along the line, busy with correspondence with his superiors and minor reporting, but above all this is his future life with Delhi and the need to go to St. Petersburg, where he hopes "to penetrate <...> the mysterious management of road construction." At the insistence of his mother, Kartashev is accompanied on his St. Petersburg trip to “protect himself from harmful influences” by Manya, who has her own plans related to her political activities. She has no intention of returning home or having any future contact with her family. Having parted in Tula, ten days later they meet for the last time in St. Petersburg. Manya tells Kartashev about the formation of the Narodnaya Volya party, whose activities are aimed at “fighting the regime.” His brother’s interest in radical ideas, however, does not mean for him a choice in favor of violent methods of socio-political reconstruction.

Thus, the fate of the hero, who appeared at the end of the story, as it were, at a crossroads, most likely, in the spirit of the destructive ideas prevailing in the public consciousness, should develop in accordance with the predictions of Aglaida Vasilievna Kartasheva: "If lawyers played such a prominent role in the French Revolution (it is worth recalling that Tema first studies at the Faculty of Law), then in ours, I'm sure engineers will play."

Author of the retelling: T. M. Margulis

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