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The main molecule of the Universe is determined

27.04.2012

Scientists from the University of Arizona have found that the molecular hydrogen ion H3+ is the main molecule in the universe. It is thanks to H3 + that the formation of stars and the development of the universe in the form that we know became possible.

Most of the universe is made up of hydrogen in various forms, but the H3+ ion is the most abundant in interstellar space. It turns out that this is one of the most important molecules, playing a key role in the cooling of the first stars. H3+ was crucial in the formation of stars in the early days of the universe. According to Professor Ludwik Adamowicz, H3+ is a precursor to many types of chemical reactions that make it possible to obtain, among other things, compounds necessary for life, such as water or carbon.

If not for H3+, the early stars would gradually get hotter and eventually explode. We might never see the starry sky, and we ourselves would not exist. H3+ molecules were the only way to dump the extra energy of young stars and prevent them from exploding.

Stars could not form and burn steadily for billions of years if it were not for the molecules that slowly cool the stars by emitting light. Few molecules are capable of doing this, but in the early days most simply didn't exist, and this is where H3+ played a key role.

Ordinary hydrogen "does not like" to emit light, while H3+ is an electrically charged molecule composed of three hydrogen atoms with two electrons. It is because of the lack of one negatively charged electron that the H3+ molecule acquires a positive charge. This makes it vibrate, emitting light. Thus, the release of excess energy of the star and its cooling.

Thanks to the study by American scientists, astronomers now know more about the formation of young stars and the early Universe and can more accurately determine the composition of space objects. Ultimately, this will lead to an improvement in the model of our Universe.

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Finding toxins with mussels 27.03.2021

American scientists have developed a Fitbit water quality detector that monitors mussel activity.

When mussels feed, they open their shells, but if there is something harmful in the water, they immediately close. In the new system, the developers observe the behavior of the mussels to determine how often the mussels close their shells, at what speed, and how they coordinate with each other.

Specifically, the system uses two inertial measurement units (IMUs) on each mussel. Each of the IMUS includes a magnetometer and an accelerometer: your smartphone probably has these too and monitors its movement from place to place.

One IMU is attached to the top shell of the mussel, the other to the bottom. This allows researchers to compare the movement of the halves of the shell relative to each other. In other words, it allows the researchers to determine if the mussel closes its shell accurately.

When placed in a natural environment, the data collection system is solar powered and transmits sensor data wirelessly. The developed type works on four mussels connected to the system, but can handle dozens.

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