Infectious diseases. Anthrax (most important)

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Infectious diseases. Anthrax (most important)

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38. Anthrax

Anthrax is a well-known animal disease that is transmitted to humans and proceeds as an acute infectious disease characterized by severe intoxication, damage to the skin and lymphatic apparatus.

Etiology. The causative agent of the disease Bacillus anthracis is a gram-positive immobile bacillus with a capsule and spores that form under aerobic conditions, are resistant to external influences and can persist for years in soil and various products of animal origin.

Epidemiology. Human infection with anthrax is possible by contact, alimentary, aerogenic and transmissible routes.

Pathogenesis and pathomorphology. The cutaneous form of anthrax is caused by the introduction of spores of the pathogen into the subepidermal layer. The spores multiply and produce an exotoxin that causes tissue necrosis and the formation of a black eschar.

The pulmonary form of anthrax develops when spores are inhaled and enter the alveoli.

The gastrointestinal form of anthrax develops when spores of the pathogen enter the stomach. This form of the disease is manifested by hemorrhages and necrosis of the terminal ileum and caecum as a result of the multiplication of bacteria and the production of a toxin by them.

Clinical manifestations. The incubation period for cutaneous anthrax is 2-5 days. Initially, a small spot appears at the site of penetration of the spores, which quickly turns into a bubble, as it increases in size, it becomes hemorrhagic in nature, necrosis develops in its center, and a scab forms.

Common manifestations of infection are a moderate increase in body temperature, a feeling of malaise, an increase in regional lymph nodes. The incubation period for the pulmonary form is 1-5 days. Initially, there is a general malaise, a moderate increase in body temperature, muscle pain. Then a dry cough may join, and wheezing begins to be heard.

After 2-4 days, a picture of severe respiratory failure develops.

The gastrointestinal form of infection most often occurs when eating the meat of sick animals. After an incubation period of 2-5 days, anorexia, nausea, vomiting appear, and body temperature rises.

Meningitis can develop with untreated cutaneous anthrax. More than half of all cases of meningitis are complications of the cutaneous form of the disease.

Diagnosis. Anthrax is diagnosed on the basis of characteristic changes in the skin and a history of contact with the infection. Isolation of the pathogen from the detachable vesicle or from the scab confirms the diagnosis.

Treatment. Penicillin is the drug of choice. In mild forms of the disease, patients can be treated with penicillin V; in severe and severe forms, patients should be treated with penicillin novocaine salt. In pulmonary and meningeal forms of anthrax, patients are treated with penicillin G.

Author: Pavlova N.V.

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