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15. Staphylococcal infection. Etiology. Epidemiology. Pathogenesis. Pathomorphology
Staphylococcal infection is a large group of diseases from mild localized forms to severe septic process caused by staphylococci.
Etiology. Staphylococci are spherical cells that grow in clusters and are facultative anaerobes, although they can grow under aerobic conditions. There are two types of staphylococci.
1. S. aureus (Staphylococcus aureus) - pathogenic, producing four types of exotoxin:
1) alpha toxin;
2) beta-toxin;
3) gamma and delta toxins.
In addition, they can also produce enterotoxins.
S. aureus produce enzymes capable of destroying cell membranes, and the released fatty acids disrupt the process of oxidative phosphorylation;
2. S. epidermidis - epidermal staphylococcus, strains of which can cause various pathological processes in a weakened body, especially in newborns and premature infants. Staphylococcus epidermidis produces a white pigment.
Staphylococci are resistant to environmental factors, in addition, they quickly acquire resistance to widely used antibiotics.
Epidemiology. The source of infection are patients and carriers of pathogenic strains of staphylococcus aureus.
The infection is spread by contact, food and airborne droplets. Pathogenesis. Factors contributing to the occurrence of staphylococcal infection:
1) the presence of the entrance gate of infection;
2) exceeding the threshold of sensitivity of the organism by irritation caused by the pathogen;
3) the absence of specific and nonspecific protection in the body.
At the site of the entrance gate, a local inflammatory process occurs. In cases of high specific reactivity of the organism, the pathological process may not develop or be limited to a local inflammatory reaction. With a decrease in specific immunological reactivity, a generalization of the process with the development of septicemia and septicopyemia is possible, especially in newborns and children in the first months of life.
The pathogenesis is determined:
1) toxic component;
2) an allergic component;
3) staphylococcal invasion.
Pathomorphology. Suppuration is the main distinguishing sign of staphylococcal infection. Local proliferation of staphylococci in the tissue leads to the formation of an abscess.
In the cavity of the abscess are living bacteria and leukocytes. Abscess rupture is accompanied by bacteremia and dissemination of infection.
Author: Pavlova N.V.
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