Table of contents (expand)
- Structure and composition of modern cultural knowledge (General characteristics of modern culture. Composition and structure of cultural knowledge)
- Culturology and philosophy of culture, sociology of culture (Main trends and schools in Western philosophy of culture in the 19th-20th centuries. Philosophy of culture in Russia in the 19th-20th centuries. Sociology of culture)
- Cultural anthropology. Culturology and cultural history (Cultural anthropology. Culturology and cultural history. Artistic style as a symbolic expression of the soul)
- Theoretical and applied cultural studies (Theoretical research in cultural studies. Applied research in cultural studies)
- Methods of cultural studies (The originality of cultural studies as a complex science. Methods of cultural research. Basic forms of spiritual culture)
- Culturology as a science of culture (Culture as a subject of cultural studies, culture. Formation of the concept of “culture” and its philosophical understanding. The concept of “culture” in the languages of various sciences and in spoken language)
- The relationship of culture and civilization (Formation and basic meanings of the concept of “civilization”. Types of civilizations. Specifics and main features of technogenic civilization. The relationship between the concepts of “culture” and “civilization”)
- Basic concepts of cultural studies (Culturogenesis (origin and development of culture). Cultural values and norms. Dynamics of culture. Modernization of culture. Morphology of culture, morphology of culture. Cultural traditions)
- Culture Models (Classical and modern models of culture. Mass and elite cultures. Subculture and counterculture. Culture as a system of signs. Information definition of culture)
- Typology of cultures (Typology of culture. Ethnic and national types of culture. “East - West” in cultural studies. Russia and the type of its culture)
- Local cultures (Local cultures as a model of human development. The concept of cultural-historical types (N.Ya. Danilevsky). Local cultures and local civilizations (O. Spengler and A. Toynbee). The theory of culture-civilizations by S. Huntington)
- The place and role of Russia in world culture (Russian culture and Russian national character. Slavic element of Russian culture. Orthodox motifs of Russian culture: original and borrowed. “Moscow is the third Rome” as the embodiment of the ideas of messianism in Russian culture. Westerners and Slavophiles about Russian culture and the historical fate of Russia)
- Trends in cultural universalization in the global modern process (Factors and mechanisms of cultural transformation. Universalization and transformation of culture in the era of globalization. Rutinization and virtualization of culture. Globalization as the basis for intercultural dialogue)
- Culture and society (Culture and nature. Culture and society. Culture and global problems of our time. Culture and personality. Socialization and inculturation)
- Features of ancient cultures (Primitive culture. Features of the great cultures of antiquity)
- The culture of antiquity. Culture of the East (The culture of antiquity. Ancient Greece. The Archaic era and its cultural achievements. The classical period. Hellenic culture. The culture of Ancient Rome. The cultures of the East. The culture of the Arab Caliphate. The culture of Ancient India. The culture of China. The culture of Japan)
- European culture (Culture of Byzantium. Culture of medieval Europe. Culture of the Renaissance. European culture of the era)
- Culture of Russia 9th-19th centuries (Culture of Ancient Rus'. Culture of the Moscow state (XIV-XVII centuries). Russian culture of the 18th century. Golden age of Russian culture)
- Culture of the Soviet state (Specifics of culture in Russia in the post-revolutionary period. Culture of the USSR in the 1930-1950s. Culture of the Soviet state in the 60-80s of the XX century. The problem of modern Russian culture)
- The concept of the origin of culture F. Nietzsche
- A. Toynbee's views on the theory of human civilization
- Theory of culture N. Berdyaev
- Z. Freud and his concept of the conscious and the unconscious
- Cultural concept of N.Ya.Danilevsky
- The philosophical concept of the functioning of culture by O. Spengler
- Theory of Supersystems by P.A. Sorokin
- Overcoming the ideas of catastrophism by K. Jaspers
- The concept of cultural archetypes by E.G. Jung
- Cultural concept of D.B. Vico
- Johan Huizinga. Homo ludens
- Umberto Eco. From the Internet to Guttenberg
- Jean-Francois Lyotard. Postmodern state
- Michel Foucault. Supervise and punish. Birth of the prison
- Robert Burton. Anatomy of melancholy
Z. Freud and his concept of the conscious and the unconscious
The Austrian psychiatrist Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) became the founder of psychoanalysis, a new direction in psychiatry, designed to restore a person's sense of inner harmony and tranquility.
Freudianism - a philosophical understanding of psychoanalysis - has become a doctrine that has entered not only the field of medicine, but also philosophy and cultural studies.
Freud discovered the unconscious in man as an independent, impersonal beginning of the human soul, independent of consciousness, which is the basis of human desires and actions.
The unconscious "it" - this is the world of instincts and uncontrolled desires inherent in the human psyche that affect human activity.
Conscious "I" is a sphere that provides contact between the objective world and the unconscious.
"It" - many people. The world of culture is formulated as a result of the interaction of the conscious selves of many people. This world consists of clear socio-cultural attitudes and rules.
The third level - "super-ego" - is a kind of projection of the settings of the world of culture into the human psyche, also carried out in an unconscious form.
In the human psyche, the "unconscious id" and the "super-ego" oppose each other, being instinctive-natural and socio-cultural principles in the human subconscious.
"I" comes from the reality principle, "it" from the pleasure principle. Provided that the mind and culture can subdue "it", a person can survive.
The method is sublimation.
Sublimation - this is the use of the sexual-biological energy concentrated in the "it" not directly for biological pleasure, but in accordance with the goals of reason and culture.
Freud believes that the human "I" is enclosed between two poles - the natural elements and the requirements of culture.
These poles tend to subjugate themselves to the "I" as well as each other. And therefore, Freud argues, the higher the level of general cultural attitudes in a person, the more grounds he has for neurosis, depression or rebellion.
A person is forced to be torn between the natural psychic elements and cultural norms. As a result, his mental health is affected.
According to Freud, culture is the sum total of achievements and institutions that distinguish human life from animal life. Culture serves two purposes:
1) protection of man from nature;
2) regulation of human relationships.
Authors: Islamgalieva S.K., Khalin K.E., Babayan G.V.
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