Culturology. Structure and composition of modern cultural knowledge (lecture notes)

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Culturology. Structure and composition of modern cultural knowledge (lecture notes)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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Structure and composition of modern cultural knowledge

1. General characteristics of modern culture

Signs of modern culture: dynamism, eclecticism, ambiguity, mosaicism, diversity of the overall picture, polycentricity, a break in its structure and the integral hierarchy of the organization of its space.

The development of information technologies, the approval of the media form public opinion and public mood. The mass media reflect the external, consumerist, lifeless life, create certain ideas about the world, form the destruction of traditionally valued qualities, and provide the effect of suggestion.

Marshal McLuhan (1911-1980) in his work The Gutenberg Galaxy divides history into three stages:

1) the pre-written stage of communication;

2) codified written communication;

3) cudisvisual.

The modern society is called informational, because information provides in it the connection of different levels and plans of its existence and activity. Information processes underlie the functioning of all its systems. The development of mass media has strengthened the quality of mass character, giving it certain features of a sociocultural phenomenon. Profit is provided not through production, but through the circulation of capital, power is exercised through special information operations, information itself acquires the status of a commodity, becoming a valuable object of business.

Post-industrial civilization is a civilization of new technologies. The means of communication begin not only to influence the masses, but also to produce them.

The last decades of the development of modern society have led to the formation of the phenomenon of mass man. The phenomenon of mass man is characterized by:

1) a man of the mass is a large group in terms of size, which has an impact on socio-cultural processes;

2) the factor of unification into a mass is due to the presence of the information field, the influence of the media;

3) the modern mass person does not feel any cultural insufficiency in terms of the level of his development, etc.;

4) a mass person today is in demand by the modern way of life and is adapted to it.

A mass man is a man with a mass consciousness and at the same time an individualist.

A person perceives the real reality through the system of creating media myths.

Mythologization - a characteristic feature of modern mass culture, being in the sphere of myths is a characteristic feature of the life of a modern person.

2. Composition and structure of cultural knowledge

Cultural studies as a science arose in the middle of the XNUMXth century. One of the main tasks of this science is to identify patterns of cultural development that differ from the laws of nature and from the laws of human material life and determine the specifics of culture as an inherently valuable sphere of being.

Modern cultural studies are a large complex of scientific disciplines, various areas of scientific work, various approaches to cultural problems, methodology, scientific schools, etc. There is no need to talk about a clear or intelligible structure of cultural knowledge. Very often it is preliminary. Nevertheless, now we can single out the most significant components of the structure of cultural knowledge.

Firstly, this is the theory of culture, which shows us all the variety of attempts at a general understanding of culture, versions of the "pictures" of culture, variants of systems of concepts, categories, theoretical schemes, with the help of which one can try to describe culture and its development.

In this area, a special place is occupied by the philosophy of culture, which solves the problem of creating a theory of culture with the help of methods and concepts characteristic of philosophy.

Secondly, it is the sociology of culture, which is a union of sociology (studying the social system) and cultural science.

Research in the field of sociology of culture has both theoretical and practical orientation. In the latter case, one can point to the concepts of cultural policy and the activities of cultural instincts (structures of society associated with culture), sociocultural forecasting, design and regulation, the study of cultural education in Russia and other countries, problems of socialization and inculturation of the individual (a person’s adaptation to the sociocultural system), protection of cultural heritage.

Thirdly, these are historical and cultural studies, which are not only based on the achievements of the humanities (history, philology, literary criticism, art history, history of religion, etc.), but also use new cultural approaches. Here we can highlight:

1) historical and cultural studies of a general profile, studies of the culture of mentalities (that is, the ways in which people perceive the world formed in different cultures);

2) studies of the religious aspect of culture;

3) cultural aspects of linguistics, semiotics (the theory of sign systems), art criticism and aesthetics. Fourthly, this is cultural anthropology - a field of cultural knowledge, in many respects close to the sociology of culture, but paying more attention to the ethnic elements of culture, the processes of interaction between cultures of different peoples, studying the features of linguistic and other means of communication (communication, information exchange) in different cultures.

The interests of cultural anthropology are not limited to the above issues.

In accordance with its name (translated from Greek anthropology - "the science of man"), it sets as its main task the creation of the most complete picture of human life in a cultural environment, that is, in an environment created by man himself. To solve this problem, cultural anthropology widely uses data from the natural sciences dealing with human life, as well as archeology, ethnography, linguistics, sociology, the history of religion and mythology, folklore, and philosophy.

All these areas of cultural sciences can be called basic or basic. However, in addition to them, other special and non-traditional areas of research are emerging. Many of them are of particular importance.

For example, within the framework of the theory of culture, detailed theories of dynamics (change, development) of culture, morphology (formation of a system of types and forms) of culture, typology (study of types) of cultures, hermeneutics (science of interpretation) of culture, cultural patterns and people (archetypes) appeared. , paradigm, zinversalia). Here the methods of cultural studies are studied separately.

Synthesis on the basis of cultural studies, historical-cultural, sociological, psychological knowledge allows us to develop problems of mentalities, psychological characteristics of individual cultures, “somatic” (bodily) culture of different peoples, etc. Comparative cultural (comparative) studies are of great importance for the development of cultural studies . In recent decades, the ecological-cultural direction (“cultural ecology”) has been developing dynamically, studying the relationship of various cultures to the natural environment. The system of cultural knowledge is in constant development.

Authors: Islamgalieva S.K., Khalin K.E., Babayan G.V.

>> Forward: Culturology and philosophy of culture, sociology of culture (Main trends and schools in Western philosophy of culture in the 19th-20th centuries. Philosophy of culture in Russia in the 19th-20th centuries. Sociology of culture)

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