Table of contents (expand)
- Structure and composition of modern cultural knowledge (General characteristics of modern culture. Composition and structure of cultural knowledge)
- Culturology and philosophy of culture, sociology of culture (Main trends and schools in Western philosophy of culture in the 19th-20th centuries. Philosophy of culture in Russia in the 19th-20th centuries. Sociology of culture)
- Cultural anthropology. Culturology and cultural history (Cultural anthropology. Culturology and cultural history. Artistic style as a symbolic expression of the soul)
- Theoretical and applied cultural studies (Theoretical research in cultural studies. Applied research in cultural studies)
- Methods of cultural studies (The originality of cultural studies as a complex science. Methods of cultural research. Basic forms of spiritual culture)
- Culturology as a science of culture (Culture as a subject of cultural studies, culture. Formation of the concept of “culture” and its philosophical understanding. The concept of “culture” in the languages of various sciences and in spoken language)
- The relationship of culture and civilization (Formation and basic meanings of the concept of “civilization”. Types of civilizations. Specifics and main features of technogenic civilization. The relationship between the concepts of “culture” and “civilization”)
- Basic concepts of cultural studies (Culturogenesis (origin and development of culture). Cultural values and norms. Dynamics of culture. Modernization of culture. Morphology of culture, morphology of culture. Cultural traditions)
- Culture Models (Classical and modern models of culture. Mass and elite cultures. Subculture and counterculture. Culture as a system of signs. Information definition of culture)
- Typology of cultures (Typology of culture. Ethnic and national types of culture. “East - West” in cultural studies. Russia and the type of its culture)
- Local cultures (Local cultures as a model of human development. The concept of cultural-historical types (N.Ya. Danilevsky). Local cultures and local civilizations (O. Spengler and A. Toynbee). The theory of culture-civilizations by S. Huntington)
- The place and role of Russia in world culture (Russian culture and Russian national character. Slavic element of Russian culture. Orthodox motifs of Russian culture: original and borrowed. “Moscow is the third Rome” as the embodiment of the ideas of messianism in Russian culture. Westerners and Slavophiles about Russian culture and the historical fate of Russia)
- Trends in cultural universalization in the global modern process (Factors and mechanisms of cultural transformation. Universalization and transformation of culture in the era of globalization. Rutinization and virtualization of culture. Globalization as the basis for intercultural dialogue)
- Culture and society (Culture and nature. Culture and society. Culture and global problems of our time. Culture and personality. Socialization and inculturation)
- Features of ancient cultures (Primitive culture. Features of the great cultures of antiquity)
- The culture of antiquity. Culture of the East (The culture of antiquity. Ancient Greece. The Archaic era and its cultural achievements. The classical period. Hellenic culture. The culture of Ancient Rome. The cultures of the East. The culture of the Arab Caliphate. The culture of Ancient India. The culture of China. The culture of Japan)
- European culture (Culture of Byzantium. Culture of medieval Europe. Culture of the Renaissance. European culture of the era)
- Culture of Russia 9th-19th centuries (Culture of Ancient Rus'. Culture of the Moscow state (XIV-XVII centuries). Russian culture of the 18th century. Golden age of Russian culture)
- Culture of the Soviet state (Specifics of culture in Russia in the post-revolutionary period. Culture of the USSR in the 1930-1950s. Culture of the Soviet state in the 60-80s of the XX century. The problem of modern Russian culture)
- The concept of the origin of culture F. Nietzsche
- A. Toynbee's views on the theory of human civilization
- Theory of culture N. Berdyaev
- Z. Freud and his concept of the conscious and the unconscious
- Cultural concept of N.Ya.Danilevsky
- The philosophical concept of the functioning of culture by O. Spengler
- Theory of Supersystems by P.A. Sorokin
- Overcoming the ideas of catastrophism by K. Jaspers
- The concept of cultural archetypes by E.G. Jung
- Cultural concept of D.B. Vico
- Johan Huizinga. Homo ludens
- Umberto Eco. From the Internet to Guttenberg
- Jean-Francois Lyotard. Postmodern state
- Michel Foucault. Supervise and punish. Birth of the prison
- Robert Burton. Anatomy of melancholy
Umberto Eco. From the Internet to Guttenberg (translated by M.S. Atchikova)
Umberto Eco (born in 1932) is a famous medievalist, semiotician, mass culture specialist, professor at the University of Bologna and honorary doctorate from many universities in Europe and America. Umberto Eco is the author of many works on the history of culture and semiotics.
The main theme of this work is the relationship of a new means of communication with the previous one. Eco begins his analysis by listing the fears that have emerged with the invention of new modes of communication throughout human history.
According to the Italian philosopher, new technologies can destroy the old way of communication. According to Plato, writing can destroy memory. The printed book will destroy the imagery and visibility of visual culture, which was represented by medieval cathedrals.
In the second half of the XX century. Canadian culturologist Humbert Marshall McLuhan expresses similar fears: radio and television could destroy the printed book. Will hypertext be able to replace the book - this is the main question that worries Eco in this work.
Let's go back to Plato's statement and think a little about it. Plato is a bit ironic. Having written his arguments against writing, he put them into the mouth of Socrates, who himself never wrote. These days, no one shares these fears for two reasons.
First, books are not a way to make others think the way we do. This is a mechanism that makes you think differently, differently, encourages further reflection.
Secondly, once upon a time people needed memory training in order to remember facts. With the advent of writing, they can train their memory in order to memorize books.
It took time for the media to accept the idea that our civilization was becoming image oriented, which would lead to a decline in literacy. This is now a common principle for any weekly magazine. What's interesting, Eco notes, is that the media began to note the decline in literacy and the huge impact of imagery at the very moment that the computer appeared on the world stage.
A computer is a device through which an image can be produced and edited. But it is equally true that the first computers served as tools for writing. Teenagers, if they want to program, must know logical procedures and algorithms, they must type words and numbers on the keyboard at a very high speed. In this sense, we can say that the computer takes us back to the days of Gutenberg. The people who spend their nights chatting on the Internet are mostly dealing with words.
The computer screen can be seen as a book in which one can read about the world through words and pages. The classical computer provided a linear view of written communication. The screen displayed written lines. It was a fast read book.
But now there are hypertexts. Hypertext is a multi-dimensional network in which every point or node can potentially be connected to any other node.
Nowadays, people are becoming more and more convinced that hypertext will replace the book in the near future. Even after printing was invented, the book was not the only way to acquire information. There were paintings, engravings, oral teaching.
Books were the best scientific way to convey scientific information, including information about historical events. Books were the best material.
With the development of cinema and the media, the situation has changed. Thanks to cinema and television, our children know much more than their parents, because they have much more information than books. A good popular science movie can explain genetics much better than any textbook. It is better to listen to Chopin's music than to read multi-volume textbooks or encyclopedias. In the Middle Ages, the cathedral served as a kind of television for its time. It was only necessary to understand it and interpret it in a different way, not as it is now. Visual communications were combined with verbal ones, primarily with written ones.
Eco suggests that in the near future humanity will be divided into two camps: those who watch exclusively TV, that is, they receive ready-made images and a ready-made judgment about the world without the right to critically select the information received, and those who look at the computer screen, i.e., those who are able to filter and discard unnecessary information. Thus begins the division of cultures characteristic of the Middle Ages, when the world was divided into those who could read manuscripts and make their own judgment, and those who were brought up by means of images in cathedrals, selected and processed by the creators. A similar situation occurs with the Internet, when a certain idea is presented as perfect. Many facts are perceived by people as indisputable, at a time when it is necessary to argue with them and express only one's point of view.
Authors: Islamgalieva S.K., Khalin K.E., Babayan G.V.
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