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Lecture notes, cheat sheets
Culturology. Culture of Russia 9th-19th centuries (lecture notes)
Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets Table of contents (expand) Culture of Russia 9th-19th centuries 1. Culture of Ancient Russia The most important stage in the development of the culture of Ancient Rus' is the Novgorod period, dating back to the middle of the 862th century. The year XNUMX marks the beginning of the reign of Rurik, the founder of the Rurik dynasty, in Novgorod. Long before the beginning of the Kievan Rus period, Rus' was called Gardarika in the West - “the country of cities and castles.” It found a place at the crossroads of the most important trade and cultural routes. What became a phenomenon for Western European culture only in the Gothic period of the Middle Ages was characteristic of Rus' much earlier: 1) activation of urban culture; 2) mass wooden urban planning; 3) an abundance of public places; 4) the development of a large number of crafts and folk crafts; 5) active trading. The worldview of the ancient Slavs characterizes anthropotheocosmism - indivisibility of the spheres of human, divine and natural. The ancient Slavs firmly believed in spirits that inhabit the world around them, accompanying a person from birth to death; into the struggle between light and dark forces. The Eastern Slavs at different stages of their development worshiped different gods. The gods personified the most important forces of nature. Used to write texts proto-cyrillic (recording Slavic words using the Greek alphabet). At the turn of the 9th-10th centuries. Cyrillic appears. At the turn of the 10th and 11th centuries. The process of Christianization of Rus' begins. It is associated with the name of the Novgorod prince Vladimir the Red Sun. Baptism contributed to the development of the country and culture: 1) construction of stone buildings and temples; 2) organizing schools and spreading literacy; 3) improved chronicle writing; 4) the emergence of new types of monumental painting: mosaics and frescoes; 5) the emergence of easel painting (icon painting). The first place among the monuments of ancient Russian culture belongs to the chronicle. Russian chronicles appear in the 10th century. and continues until the 17th century. Chronicles are monuments of social thought and literature, a kind of encyclopedia of knowledge. A striking example of such a chronicle is “The Tale of Bygone Years,” created in the 11th century. monk of the Kiev Pechersk Lavra Nestor. “The Sermon on Law and Grace” by priest Hilarion is a kind of political treatise created in the form of a church sermon. He contrasts Christianity (“grace”) with Judaism (“law”). A common genre of church literature is life (hagiography). The main idea of the work “The Tale of Boris and Gleb” is the unity of the Russian land, the condemnation of princely civil strife. Vladimir Monomakh's "Teaching" touches on social, political and moral issues. "Instruction" is regarded as a vivid example of didactic literature. The most outstanding work of ancient Russian literature is “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign,” an epic meditation on the fate of the Russian land, which is its central image. By the beginning of the 13th century. A highly developed Christian culture developed in Ancient Rus'. A community of the Old Russian people appears, expressed in: 1) the development of a literary language; 2) national sense of unity; 3) the formation of common cultural forms. 2. Culture of the Moscow state (XIV-XVII centuries) At the end of the 14th century. An active revival of Russian culture begins, huge damage to which was caused by the Tatar-Mongol yoke. After the victory on the Kulikovo Field, the leading role of Moscow in the unification of Russian lands is determined. Mid-16th century characterized by the process of secularization - secularization, liberation of public and individual consciousness from the influence of the church. The creation of the "Great Chet Menaia" had a significant cultural significance. A large team of authors, editors, and copyists worked on a grandiose collection of original and translated literary monuments for more than twenty years. Stone construction began in Moscow in the second quarter of the 1367th century. In 1532, a stone Kremlin was erected in Moscow. The search for new architectural forms led to the emergence of the tent style. The idea of upward striving, embodied primarily in the Church of the Ascension (the village of Kolomenskoye, XNUMX), became a reflection of the spiritual atmosphere of the first half of the XNUMXth century. At the end of the century, the so-called Baryshkin baroque. Its main feature is the combination of external splendor and decorativeness with clarity and symmetry of the composition. "Golden Age of Wall Painting" - second half of the 14th - early 15th centuries. Feofan the Greek worked in Novgorod and Moscow. His best work was the fresco painting of the Novgorod Church of the Savior. The appearance of original icon painting is associated with the name of Andrei Rublev. Painting shows interest in man, and the emergence and development of art in the 17th century is connected with this. parsuns - portrait painting. New genres are appearing in literature - democratic satire, everyday stories. The first higher institution in Moscow was the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy. Printing is widely and universally used. "The Life of Archpriest Avvakum" is an outstanding monument of Russian literature of the second half of the 17th century. Its distinctive features are the innovation of artistic form, individual style of writing, denunciation of social injustice and the arbitrariness of the new church government. In the 17th century The first theaters appeared: court and school. Before this, theaters in Rus' were replaced by buffoons. Court performances were distinguished by great pomp, sometimes accompanied by music and dancing. 3. Russian culture of the XNUMXth century. The radical reforms of Peter I affected primarily culture. Signs of Peter's time: 1) approval of a new view of human life; 2) the "compression" of the cultural process; 3) the development of "secularization". School reform marked the beginning of secular education. Professional schools appeared: artillery, mining, medical, engineering. The result of Peter's reforms was the opening of the Academy of Sciences (1725), which combined scientific research and pedagogical functions. In 1775, Empress Elizabeth Petrovna opened Moscow University (today MSU). Peter's reforms affected not only politics and economics, but also public and private life. New forms of secular leisure and rules of behavior for young people were introduced. In the first quarter of the XVIII century. genre prevails in literature stories - stories. The heroes of these stories are energetic young nobles who declare themselves to be Europeans. Mv Lomonosov (1711-1765) became one of the most prominent representatives of this time - a scientist in the field of natural sciences and humanities, poet and artist, initiator of the creation of Moscow University. To the middle of the 18th century. Russian fine art and architecture flourished. The architecture of this period is characterized by volumetric-spatial compositions. The development of Russian classicism became a phenomenon of particular significance. He brought Russian culture to the pan-European arena. Having absorbed European traditions, painting, especially portraiture, achieved great success. This was due to the understanding of man as a versatile personality. The portrait becomes the leading genre of the Russian school of painting. A feature of Russian classicism in literature was an interest in national themes and connections with folklore traditions. A. Kantemir, V. Trediakovsky, M.V. Lomonosov created the foundation of a new literature. Social thought found expression in the ideas of the Enlightenment. The activities of the publisher and journalist N.I. are indicative. Novikov (1744-1802), writer and publicist A.N. Radishcheva (1749-1802). The formation of the national school of composition began in the last third of the 18th century. The leading genre was opera. The composers were also close to folk traditions. Along with the formation of Russian national culture, there was an intensive growth of national self-awareness. The establishment of the original features of Russian art occurred simultaneously with the assimilation of the traditions of Western European culture of modern times. 4. The golden age of Russian culture Culture of Russia in the 19th century. - this is an unprecedented rise to the heights of its achievement. At no other time have so many world-famous geniuses been born in Russia. Let's remember their names: A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov, M.I. Glinka, I.S. Turgenev, K.P. Bryullov, N.V. Gogol, N.N. Nekrasov, L.N. Tolstoy, F.M. Dostoevsky, I.N. Kramskoy, I.E. Repin, M.P. Mussorgsky, N.S. Leskov. This is not a complete list of those great masters whose names illuminated the golden age of Russian culture. The Golden Age was prepared by all the previous development of Russian culture, and especially by Peter's reforms. Since the beginning of the century, society has seen an unprecedented rise in patriotism. Intensified even more with the outbreak of the War of 1812, it contributed to a deepening understanding of the national community. The development of realistic tendencies and national features of culture intensified. A cultural event of colossal importance was the appearance of “History of the Russian State” by N.M. Karamzin. The author was the first to feel that the most important thing in Russian culture in the coming century would be the solution to the problem of national self-identity. Following Karamzin was Pushkin, solving the problem of correlating his national culture with other cultures. Then appeared “Philosophical Letter” by P.Ya. Chaadaeva. A special place in the culture of the 19th century. was occupied by literature. The classics of Russian literature have always gravitated towards a three-dimensional worldview. Classic literature of the 19th century. became more than just literature. It has become a synthetic cultural phenomenon. Many enlightened people built their lives on the basis of literary images. By the middle of the century, Russian culture was becoming increasingly known in the West. N.I. Lobachevsky, who laid the foundation for modern ideas about the structure of the Universe, became the first Russian scientist to become famous abroad. P. Merimee opened Pushkin to Europe. Gogol's The Inspector General was staged in Paris. In the second half of the 19th century. European and world fame of Russian culture is strengthened primarily thanks to literature. Works by I.S. Turgeneva, L.N. Tolstoy, F.M. Dostoevsky gained worldwide fame. For the first time, cultural exchange between Russia and Europe acquired a bilateral character. Russian culture acquired European and world significance. But, despite all the tremendous achievements of the culture of the golden age, the deep cultural split was not overcome. According to the Russian census in 1897, only slightly more than 20% of the population was literate. The terror of March 1, 1881 became fatal for the country. The balance in culture was disrupted. Radical modernist ideas prevailed in their destructive form. The golden age of Russian culture has come to an end. Beginning of the 20th century - This is the silver age of Russian culture. Russian fine literature has never known such a rich poetic diversity: A. Blok, S. Yesenin, V. Mayakovsky, V. Khlebnikov, V. Bryusov, I. Severyanin, N. Gumilev. The movement of cosmism, which was formed in the second half of the 19th century, finally took shape. Representatives of this movement were writers, philosophers, scientists: D.I. Mendeleev, K.E. Tsiolkovsky, V.S. Soloviev. N.F. Fedorov, P.A. Florensky, V.I. Vernadsky and others. They were united by the conviction that the development of humanity is becoming more and more planetary in nature. Space and man, nature and man turn out to be inseparable, and one must be able to study the future of humanity and the future of nature together. The pinnacle of the scientific direction in cosmism was the teaching of V.I. Vernadsky about the noosphere, very relevant today. According to this teaching, humanity becomes the main force determining the evolution of the Earth through its activities, and at a certain stage it will have to take responsibility for the future of the biosphere in order to maintain the possibility of its existence and further development. The biosphere must turn into the noosphere, that is, into the sphere of reason. A distinctive Russian philosophy emerged. Its outstanding representatives were N.A. Berdyaev, S.N. Bulgakov, L.I. Shistov, P.A. Florensky, I.A. Ilyin et al. One of the features of Russian philosophy, according to A.F. Losev, there was “a purely internal, intuitive knowledge of existence, its hidden depths, which can be comprehended not through reduction to logical concepts and definitions, but only in a symbol, in an image through the power of imagination.” Russian culture in the 19th - early 20th centuries. was on the verge of major changes that did not take place due to the revolution. Authors: Islamgalieva S.K., Khalin K.E., Babayan G.V. << Back: European culture (Culture of Byzantium. Culture of medieval Europe. Culture of the Renaissance. European culture of the era) >> Forward: Culture of the Soviet state (Specifics of culture in Russia in the post-revolutionary period. Culture of the USSR in the 1930-1950s. Culture of the Soviet state in the 60-80s of the XX century. The problem of modern Russian culture)
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