Table of contents (expand)
- Structure and composition of modern cultural knowledge (General characteristics of modern culture. Composition and structure of cultural knowledge)
- Culturology and philosophy of culture, sociology of culture (Main trends and schools in Western philosophy of culture in the 19th-20th centuries. Philosophy of culture in Russia in the 19th-20th centuries. Sociology of culture)
- Cultural anthropology. Culturology and cultural history (Cultural anthropology. Culturology and cultural history. Artistic style as a symbolic expression of the soul)
- Theoretical and applied cultural studies (Theoretical research in cultural studies. Applied research in cultural studies)
- Methods of cultural studies (The originality of cultural studies as a complex science. Methods of cultural research. Basic forms of spiritual culture)
- Culturology as a science of culture (Culture as a subject of cultural studies, culture. Formation of the concept of “culture” and its philosophical understanding. The concept of “culture” in the languages of various sciences and in spoken language)
- The relationship of culture and civilization (Formation and basic meanings of the concept of “civilization”. Types of civilizations. Specifics and main features of technogenic civilization. The relationship between the concepts of “culture” and “civilization”)
- Basic concepts of cultural studies (Culturogenesis (origin and development of culture). Cultural values and norms. Dynamics of culture. Modernization of culture. Morphology of culture, morphology of culture. Cultural traditions)
- Culture Models (Classical and modern models of culture. Mass and elite cultures. Subculture and counterculture. Culture as a system of signs. Information definition of culture)
- Typology of cultures (Typology of culture. Ethnic and national types of culture. “East - West” in cultural studies. Russia and the type of its culture)
- Local cultures (Local cultures as a model of human development. The concept of cultural-historical types (N.Ya. Danilevsky). Local cultures and local civilizations (O. Spengler and A. Toynbee). The theory of culture-civilizations by S. Huntington)
- The place and role of Russia in world culture (Russian culture and Russian national character. Slavic element of Russian culture. Orthodox motifs of Russian culture: original and borrowed. “Moscow is the third Rome” as the embodiment of the ideas of messianism in Russian culture. Westerners and Slavophiles about Russian culture and the historical fate of Russia)
- Trends in cultural universalization in the global modern process (Factors and mechanisms of cultural transformation. Universalization and transformation of culture in the era of globalization. Rutinization and virtualization of culture. Globalization as the basis for intercultural dialogue)
- Culture and society (Culture and nature. Culture and society. Culture and global problems of our time. Culture and personality. Socialization and inculturation)
- Features of ancient cultures (Primitive culture. Features of the great cultures of antiquity)
- The culture of antiquity. Culture of the East (The culture of antiquity. Ancient Greece. The Archaic era and its cultural achievements. The classical period. Hellenic culture. The culture of Ancient Rome. The cultures of the East. The culture of the Arab Caliphate. The culture of Ancient India. The culture of China. The culture of Japan)
- European culture (Culture of Byzantium. Culture of medieval Europe. Culture of the Renaissance. European culture of the era)
- Culture of Russia 9th-19th centuries (Culture of Ancient Rus'. Culture of the Moscow state (XIV-XVII centuries). Russian culture of the 18th century. Golden age of Russian culture)
- Culture of the Soviet state (Specifics of culture in Russia in the post-revolutionary period. Culture of the USSR in the 1930-1950s. Culture of the Soviet state in the 60-80s of the XX century. The problem of modern Russian culture)
- The concept of the origin of culture F. Nietzsche
- A. Toynbee's views on the theory of human civilization
- Theory of culture N. Berdyaev
- Z. Freud and his concept of the conscious and the unconscious
- Cultural concept of N.Ya.Danilevsky
- The philosophical concept of the functioning of culture by O. Spengler
- Theory of Supersystems by P.A. Sorokin
- Overcoming the ideas of catastrophism by K. Jaspers
- The concept of cultural archetypes by E.G. Jung
- Cultural concept of D.B. Vico
- Johan Huizinga. Homo ludens
- Umberto Eco. From the Internet to Guttenberg
- Jean-Francois Lyotard. Postmodern state
- Michel Foucault. Supervise and punish. Birth of the prison
- Robert Burton. Anatomy of melancholy
The concept of the origin of culture F. Nietzsche
Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) is considered to be one of the main representatives of the “philosophy of life”. Therefore, when considering culture, Nietzsche sees its origins in the foundations of life, in the very depths of existence. Nietzsche's original cultural philosophy was reflected in his philosophical essay "The Birth of Tragedy from the Spirit of Music", as well as in the works "Human, All Too Human", "The Gay Science", "Thus Spoke Zarathustra". For Nietzsche, culture is first and foremost a means of human self-realization. He tried to unravel the mystery of the origin of culture by turning to the culture of Ancient Greece. In the great sorrow and great delight expressed in the creativity of the Hellenes, Nietzsche saw the root causes of creativity. His cultural philosophy is also addressed to the era of paganism. In culture, Nietzsche contrasted the Dionysian and Apollonian principles - two primary stages of the existence of artistic culture, which are in constant confrontation and at the same time in interaction. The Dionysian principle is associated with uncontrolled human reactions to manifestations of reality. In contrast, Apollonian culture is associated with harmony, tranquility, beauty and clear form. The Apollonian principle embraces the images of high poetry, fine and plastic arts, the Dionysian principle embraces music. The first principle corresponds to the dream state, and the second to the state of intoxication. Only by uniting can these spheres restore the lost unity of nature and man.
The opposing elements, personified by Dionysus and Apollo, are found in all cultures. Nietzsche became the creator of the first holistic and organically correct, despite all the contradictions, concept of the origin of culture. It was Nietzsche who first expressed the idea that the higher the level of a person's culture, the less happy he feels. This idea was thoroughly and diversified developed in the writings of the Austrian psychiatrist Sigmund Freud.
Authors: Islamgalieva S.K., Khalin K.E., Babayan G.V.
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