Культурология. Жан-Франсуа Лиотар. Постсовременное состояние (конспект лекций)

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Культурология. Жан-Франсуа Лиотар. Постсовременное состояние (конспект лекций)

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Жан-Франсуа Лиотар. Постсовременное состояние (пер. Н.Н. Ефремова)

Jean-Francois Lyotard is the author of many works on philosophy. By the time this work was written, he was very well known among philosophical writers. In The Postmodern State, he first raises the question that postmodernism is the state of philosophy as a whole. First of all, postmodernism reflects the state of spirituality of the European type in our days, associated with the departure of the term "modern" into the past, in the sense of the modern era.

Postmodernism is a set of philosophical doctrines that one way or another proclaim the end of history. Also, postmodernism is the state of contemporary artistic practice. Lyotard defines postmodernism as the state of culture after changes that have affected the rules of the game in science, literature, and art since the end of the XNUMXth century.

Lyotard says that the main meta-narratives have lost their legitimating power, that is, the main stories, narratives have lost their modernity. Lyotard attaches great importance to the narratives of the Enlightenment and Christianity. Modern narratives are different from myths, although they are very similar to them.

Myths find their basis in the past, and narratives in the future. Exhausted narratives in the modern world crumble into clouds of linguistic elements, while each of them carries spontaneously generated pragmatic meanings.

Each of us exists at the intersection of these meanings. Postmodern science creates a theory of its own evolution as paradoxical, catastrophic and incorrigible dynamics. It changes the very meaning of the word "know" and indicates how this change is possible. The main problem of culture is to find transitions between heterogeneous "language games". These are knowledge, ethics, economics, politics, etc.

The project of modernity was aimed at building a sociocultural unity where all elements must find their place. Postmodernity, according to Lyotard, begins with the death of the main metanarratives connecting the heterogeneous diversity of culture. But this does not mean that all metanarratives disappear.

They move into a different state, continuing to connect reality through transitions between language games. They avoid the fate of macro-narratives because they are pagan.

Science is a model of an open system in which the correctness of what is expressed is that it gives birth to ideas, other expressed and other rules of the game. There is no common language in science by which all facts can be explained. Language games are divided into denotative (or cognition) and descriptive (or actions).

Scientific pragmatics is concentrated on denotative expressions, it is for them that it provides a place in the institutions of knowledge. Postmodern social pragmatics is particularly opposed to the "simplicity" of scientific pragmatics.

This fact is formed by layers of classes of heteromorphic statements. There is no point in believing that we can today identify common meta-prescriptions across all language games.

Let us turn to the theory of Habermas, who proposes to reach a universal consensus through what is called discourse. This means two things. The first is that all people who form expressions can agree on rules or meta-prescriptions, recognizing them as suitable for all language games.

The second assumption is that the end of the dialogue is the consensus. Consensus is the state of the dialogue, but not its end. Consensus, according to Lyotard, has become an obsolete and suspicious value.

What it is not is justice. It is necessary to address the idea and practice of justice, which should not be associated with the idea and practice of consensus. The concept of heteromorphicity of language games is the first step in this direction. The second step is to argue that if there is a consensus for the rules that define each game and the “shots” that are struck in it, then that consensus must become local. This orientation corresponds to the evolution in our days of social interactions, when the temporary doctor is actually replacing continuous education, training in the spheres of professional, emotional, sexual, cultural, family.

Evolution is an ambiguity: the system favors the temporary contract because of its greatest flexibility, the least cost of motivations that accompany it.

In other publications of this period, Lyotard develops the ideas expressed in The Post-Modern State.

He turns to the living tissue of linguistic practice and pays special attention to the fate of the pagan micronarratives he identified - such are his works “Pagan Instructions”, “Pagan Elements”, “Trembling Stories”.

Later, in his work "Strife", Lyotard develops in detail the idea he expressed about the agonistic nature of the world of language practices. Lyotard's book The Postmodern State aptly represents the postmodern type of consciousness.

She shows that it includes the traditional understanding of culture, using it as one of the versions of the postmodern universe rich in variants.

Authors: Islamgalieva S.K., Khalin K.E., Babayan G.V.

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