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Lecture notes, cheat sheets
Culturology. Culture and society (lecture notes)
Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets Table of contents (expand) Culture and society 1. Culture and nature Culture includes everything man-made, everything created by human hands, but there are contradictions in this view. Such a culture as something built on top of nature creates the effect of mutual alienation of these spheres: the creation of culture requires the utmost distance from nature. And in this sense, they really oppose each other. But there is another side of their mutual attraction and interaction. The phenomenon of culture must always be based on a series of natural conditions, thanks to which culture becomes possible. At the same time, natural phenomena must have a number of cultural conditions for their understanding, that is, how a person perceives the world, nature. In this sense, the culture that a person recreates asserts itself as a person, proving to itself that it belongs to the world of culture. The contradiction between nature and culture is overcome through the category of activity. Culture is defined as the result of all human activity. However, this view is subject to critical scrutiny. Human activities are varied. In it, one can single out such acts of a person that are associated with a breakthrough into a new spiritual space in search of meaning - this also applies to culture as a form of ideal development of the world. It is realized in the form of values, but much of the activity is the replication of a pattern once found, and in this case we are dealing with such a form as civilization. 2. Culture and society Determining the relationship between culture and society is a complex theoretical problem. The correlation of these concepts depends on how society and culture are understood. For example, a separate cultural system - language, science, religion or culture - can be considered as a global integrity, which constitutes the intrinsic value of biological, social, territorial factors. Anthropological dimensions of culture and society consider a person as a person, as a social subject. In all cases, the intersection of culture and society has the scale of the cultural type of personality, which corresponds to a certain type of social relations. For example, the culture of nomadic peoples cannot create an industrial society that involves the development of science, the knowledge of a rational education system, and many other cultural factors. V. Zanetsky defines society as a series of coexisting groups within which society coincides with a certain type of cultural orientation. P. Sorokin draws attention to the diversity of cultural orientations in the same social group. Justification of a certain model of the final relations between culture and society requires taking into account the personal nature of the reproduction of cultural values. The personal factor of culture implies the study of both social life and a special area of cultural creativity. Culture opens the way to society, and it also makes the very existence of society possible. Therefore, a distinction is made between culture and society in the field of cultural dynamics, cultural self-determination of the individual. The assimilation of the language, customs is only the way to the use of legal norms, state institutions that society has. Accordingly, it is necessary to distinguish both the ways in which culture and society influence a person, and the ways a person adapts to them. Society is a system of relations and ways of objectively influencing a person. The inner life of man is not filled with social demands. They cannot exercise total control over the preferences, values, interests of the individual. Forms of social regulation are accepted as certain rules of the game, accepted by all members of society and necessary for the individual in order to take a place in the social hierarchy. In order to meet social requirements, cultural prerequisites are necessary, which represent the cultural world of man. Culture is formed on a reflexive basis, requires reflection and self-awareness of the individual. Society as a stable social system is preserved to the extent that cultural prerequisites are reproduced that allow it to be preserved as a system of relations between individuals. 3. Culture and global problems of our time In the XX century. Man is faced with problems on the solution of which the fate of civilization depends. These problems are called global. Global issues include: 1) overcoming the ecological crisis associated with the catastrophic consequences of human activity (greenhouse effect, reduction of the ozone layer of the atmosphere, etc.); 2) the problem of preventing war with the use of weapons of mass destruction (thermonuclear, chemical, biological); 3) overcoming hunger, poverty, illiteracy, the gap between the rich North and the poor South; 4) the problem of finding new sources of raw materials, preventing the negative consequences of the scientific and technological revolution; 5) the problem of urbanization - the concentration of huge masses of the population in large and super-large cities with the decline of the village; 6) the problem of the crisis of culture, i.e. lack of culture with disastrous consequences for society; 7) the problem of public health, which raises the question of decreasing chances of survival due to the deterioration of the gene pool; 8) the problem of antisocial phenomena - drug addiction, alcoholism, crime. Causes of global problems: 1) world wars; 2) the crisis of world civilization: the increased economic power of man; 3) uneven development of countries and culture. From the historical experience of the development of society and culture, it is known that mankind has always set itself only those tasks that it could solve. In the 1960s-1970s. there are centers uniting scientists working in this field. Futurology appeared and began to spread - the totality of human knowledge, ideas about the future of mankind. In futurological studies, the Club of Rome (founded in 1967), which included scientists from 30 countries of the world, became famous. The main research problem is global modeling in the relationship of various aspects of human life (social, political, cultural, economic). 4. Culture and personality The concept of "personality" originally meant a ritual mask, a role performed by an actor in the theater. In the Middle Ages, the idea of the uniqueness of the individual, its uniqueness and self-esteem appears. The modern understanding of personality in cultural studies is based on sociological, psychological and general philosophical interpretations. The concept of "personality" is closely related to the concepts "individuality" и "individual". The concept of "individual" refers to a single person, a representative of a particular social group. But social position is not a sign of personality. The concept of "individuality" indicates the originality, uniqueness of a person, the diversity of his abilities. The concept of "personality" emphasizes independence, a conscious-volitional beginning in a person. The problem of personality is the problem of free choice and social responsibility. In the history of mankind, the concept of "personality" has changed. For ancient Greek philosophy, personality is unreal, that is, in antiquity, personality acts as a relationship. In Christianity, a person is like an immaterial soul. According to the reasoning of I. Kant, thanks to self-consciousness, a person becomes a personality. In the history of philosophy, there were separate problems in the study of personality: the influence of biological and social factors on the formation of personality, the degree of freedom of the individual in relation to nature, society, and himself. In the Marxist interpretation, personality is the totality of all social relations. Personality in culture is considered as an individual carrier of culture. culture - this is a way of internal regulation, it is not only what is reproduced by a person. To learn to understand the world means to expand one's attitude towards the world. Creative attitude - the desire to be a participant in the creation of something new. Culture, understood in this sense, most clearly reveals the content of the personality. Personality is a whole world with its secrets, discoveries and problems. In the choice between needs and interests, the scale of values adopted by the individual is manifested. Values are the regulators of personal aspirations and actions and determine the social preferences of the individual. An individual, relying on a system of values, remains within the limits of behavior patterns established in society. Existence and following patterns testify to a certain stability of society. Thus, the individual is at the center of culture, at the intersection of the mechanisms of reproduction, storage and renewal of cultural life. 5. Socialization and inculturation Socialization - the process of mastering and reproducing by a person a certain system of knowledge, norms, values, traditions, etc. They are necessary for a person to become a full member of society and interact with others. Socialization is the adoption and use of socio-cultural experience. Such socialization is carried out through purposeful education and training. There are two stages of socialization: 1) primary (childhood and adolescence, a person masters the most necessary socio-cultural norms); 2) secondary (an adult learns new knowledge, skills, etc. during his life). The concept of socialization is widely used in sociology, social psychology, and anthropology. This concept appeared in the 30s of the XX century. Enculturation - the process of introducing a person to a culture, assimilating the values, norms, behavior patterns characteristic of a given culture. This term is widely used in American cultural anthropology. Representatives of this trend (M. Herskovitz, K. Klakkon) believe that the term "inculturation" in comparison with the term "socialization" more fully meets the problem of introducing a person to culture. Today, socialization and inculturation are two sides of a single process of a person entering the socio-cultural system. Authors: Islamgalieva S.K., Khalin K.E., Babayan G.V. << Back: Trends in cultural universalization in the global modern process (Factors and mechanisms of cultural transformation. Universalization and transformation of culture in the era of globalization. Rutinization and virtualization of culture. Globalization as the basis for intercultural dialogue) >> Forward: Features of ancient cultures (Primitive culture. Features of the great cultures of antiquity)
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