How were candles used as clocks and alarm clocks? Detailed answer

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How were candles used as clocks and alarm clocks? Detailed answer

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How were candles used as clocks and alarm clocks?

Candle clocks have been used in China for a long time. Knowing the burning rate of a candle made of a certain material, it was marked with divisions corresponding to the units of time. Such a device easily turned into an alarm clock: for this, a carnation was driven in near the desired division or a metal ball was hung up, which, when falling, made a ringing. There was also another way of non-visual information about the time, for which various fragrant herbs were added to different segments of the wick.

Authors: Jimmy Wales, Larry Sanger

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How did Roentgen discover the radiation later named after him?

On November 5, 1895, the German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen (1845-1923) conducted an experiment to study the luminescence caused by cathode rays. To make the effect clearer, he not only placed the cathode ray tube and the luminescent substance in a black cardboard box, but even tightly curtained the windows in the laboratory.

Turning on the cathode ray tube, Roentgen suddenly saw a flash of light in the other half of the room. It turned out that the light came from a sheet of paper coated with barium platinocyanide, a luminescent substance. Roentgen was very surprised: how could the radiation penetrate the walls of the box and cause the paper to glow? He turned off the cathode ray tube - the glow disappeared. Turned on the receiver again - the glow appeared again. X-ray moved the paper to another room - it continued to glow. It became clear to the scientist that a certain form of radiation arises in the cathode ray tube, capable of penetrating not only through cardboard, but also through walls.

Roentgen had no idea about the nature of these rays, so he called them X-rays (X-rays). Already other scientists began to call them X-ray.

For the discovery of these rays, Roentgen was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901.

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Analogue of human skin for a smartphone 25.10.2019

Scientists have developed a unique material that allows smartphones to respond to human touch, including tickling, stroking and pinching. The material is made of two layers of silicone and can completely imitate human skin.

Artificial skin is developed on the basis of two layers of silicone, between which there is a special electrode layer. It consists of ultra-thin wires that act as very sensitive sensors. If you put a case made of such material on your phone, you can convey your emotions to the interlocutor not by pressing the touch screen, but in more familiar ways for human communication. Stroking, tickling or angry squeezing is recognized by the system as emoticons corresponding to such emotions.

"Familiarization with the material provides a more natural interface for users," said one of the developers of the project, Professor Ann Roudo from the University of Bristol.

The engineers called their device Skin-On. It can be connected to various mobile devices, as well as laptop touchpads and portable gadgets.

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