|
Arabic
Bengali
Chinese
English
French
German
Hebrew
Hindi
Italian
Japanese
Korean
Malay
Polish
Portuguese
Spanish
Turkish
Ukrainian
Vietnamese|
Lecture notes, cheat sheets
Culturology. Culture of the Soviet state (lecture notes)
Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets Table of contents (expand) Culture of the Soviet state 1. The specifics of culture in Russia in the post-revolutionary period One of the most controversial periods in the development of Russian culture is the period of post-revolutionary culture. Negative features of this time: 1) destruction and destruction of cultural monuments of the past; 2) the division of Russian culture into directly Soviet culture and the culture of the Russian abroad; 3) the death of many people. Also positive were: 1) development of education; 2) electrification and industrialization; 3) active government support for the development of a "new" culture. The culture of the new state was called upon to serve the people and, above all, the proletariat. 20-30s XNUMXth century marked by the functioning of the Proletcult. An integral part of the program of the cultural revolution was the question of attitude to the cultural heritage and to the native intelligentsia. The most important tasks of the "cultural revolution": 1) elimination of illiteracy throughout the country; 2) familiarizing the people with the spiritual wealth developed by mankind; 3) the creation of a new Soviet intelligentsia from among the working people. The program of the Communist Party stipulated measures for the broad democratization of culture. In 1917, the Hermitage, the Russian Museum, the Tretyakov Gallery, the Armory, etc. passed into the ownership and disposal of the people. At the same time, revolutionary upheavals caused damage to national culture, expressed in: 1) mass renaming of cities, streets, squares, etc., which had a rich history; 2) the destruction of monuments that allegedly symbolized the power of the old regime; 3) the destruction of Orthodox churches, monasteries, the burning of icons, church handwritten books, the organized opening of holy relics; 4) seizure of church property; 5) the abolition of ancient cemeteries. From the very first days, the Soviet government sought to limit the ability of the intelligentsia to participate in the public and political life of the country. Approved in 1922, Glavlit was called upon to exercise control and prevent "hostile attacks" against the Bolsheviks. The repertoire of theaters and entertainment events was controlled by the Glavrepertkom. In 1919, the State Publishing House was founded, the film industry and theaters were nationalized. At the same time, one cannot speak of a decline in the level of cultural products. Artistic symbols of the new era: 1) the first Soviet poem about the revolution "The Twelve" by A. Blok; 2) the first performance on the Soviet theme "Mystery-buff" by V. Mayakovsky; 3) painting by B. Kustodiev "Bolshevik"; 4) Moor's poster "Have you signed up as a volunteer?" etc. The masters of culture were involved in the process of creating the cult of the Soviet state. People who initially did not accept the Russian revolution were forced to emigrate. Almost the entire color of the Russian intelligentsia ended up abroad. Among them are writers I. Bunin, A. Kuprin, I. Shmelev, M. Tsvetaeva, I. Severyanin, K. Balmont and others, composers I. Stravinsky, P. Prokofiev, S. Rachmaninov and others, artists L. Bakst , K. Somov, N. Roerich, A. Benois and others, outstanding figures of the theater. They increased the glory of Russian culture already abroad. 2. Culture of the USSR in the 1930s-1950s. The beginning of this period was marked by mass repressions in the 1930s. The poets O. Mandelstam, N. Klyuev, the writer B. Pilnyak, the philosopher P. Florensky, the breeder N. Vavilov and many other cultural figures became their victims. At the same time, this period is characterized by success in the field of education, achievements in the fundamental branches of knowledge, and the development of aviation. Despite strict censorship, the most interesting literary works by M.A. Bulgakov, M.A. Sholokhov, A.A. Fadeeva, B.L. Pasternak, A.T. Tvardovsky, K.G. Paustovsky, I. Ilf and E. Petrov, Yu. Olesha and others. Music 1930-1950s represented by the names of S.S. Prokofiev, D.D. Shostakovich, I.O. Dunayevsky, G.V. Sviridova, A.I. Khachaturian and others. Outstanding representatives of the performing arts: S. Richter, D. Oistrakh, L. Oborin. Opera and ballet art is on the rise: singers L. Sobinov, I. Kozlovsky, N. Ozerov and others perform; dancers and dancers O. Lepeshinskaya, G. Ulanova, L. Lavrovsky, A. Messerer and others. The drama theater of that time is associated with the names of outstanding directors and actors. Among them are V. Meyerhold, K. Stanislavsky, V. Nemirovich-Danchenko, I. Moskvin, V. Kachalov. Painting, sculpture and architecture were developed. During the Great Patriotic War, Russian culture was called upon to serve the victory and defense of the Motherland. During the war, many works by K. Simonov, L. Leonov, the poem “Vasily Terkin” by A. Tvardovsky, the seventh symphony by D. Shostakovich, the story “The Science of Hatred” by M. Sholokhov, songs by composers A. Alexandrov, M. Blanter, M. Fradkina and others. Full of faith in victory were the feature films "Heavenly slug", "Air cab", etc. After the war, in connection with the need to restore domestic industry, science was widely developed. On October 4, 1957, the first launch of an artificial Earth satellite was carried out, and on December 5, 1957, the world's first nuclear icebreaker Lenin was launched. All this predetermined the further development of science in the 1960s, the result of which, first of all, was a breakthrough in the field of astronautics. 3. Culture of the Soviet state in the 60-80s. XX century. The beginning of this period was marked by the first manned flight into space in the history of mankind. The flight took place on April 12, 1961. Yu.A. Gagarin. In 1956, Stalin's personality cult was condemned, but the authoritarian-bureaucratic regime was preserved in society. The pace of economic production has dropped significantly. The coming 1970s are called "the era of stagnation". Recognizing the backlog of the USSR from Western countries, the authorities in the 1980s. embarked on a restructuring. Nevertheless, this time cannot be called lost for the culture of the country. In the literature of the 60-80s. XNUMXth century there are several main areas. The theme of the Great Patriotic War is devoted to the works of Y. Bondarev, A. Chakovsky, K. Simonov, V. Rasputin. The problem of preserving the cultural heritage, careful attitude to cultural domestic traditions is becoming important. The works of Academician D.S. Likhachev, V.A. Soloukhina, D.A. Granina. At this time, the talent of V.M. Shukshin, in the 1960s-1970s. Vampilov's theater appears. Soviet cinema also addresses the theme of "man and war" ("They fought for the Motherland", "The Dawns Here Are Quiet", "Twenty Days Without War", etc.). Theatrical art is developing. Overcoming obstacles, performances were staged by Y. Lyubimov, O. Efremov, V. Pluchek, A. Efros, I. Vladimirov and others. Khachaturian at the Bolshoi Theatre. In 1975, the premiere of I. Grigorovich's ballet "Ivan the Terrible" was held with great success. Despite all the ideological costs of Soviet censorship and strict party control, the culture of the Soviet period met the 1990s. in a holistic and harmonious state. 4. The problem of modern Russian culture In our time, culture is increasingly recognized as the center of human existence. The conviction is being strengthened that any people or nation can exist and develop only if they retain their cultural identity, while not isolating themselves from other nations, interacting with them, exchanging cultural traditions and values. Under the prevailing historical and natural conditions, Russia withstood, created its original original culture, which absorbed the influence of the West and the East. Modern culture is faced with the task of developing its strategic course for the future in a rapidly changing world. There is an important prerequisite for this - the achievement of universal literacy, a significant increase in the education of the people. Nevertheless, the solution of this global task is extremely difficult, because it rests on the need to recognize the deep contradictions inherent in our culture throughout its historical development. The mysterious antinomy of Russian culture, literally in everything, was perfectly described by N.A. Berdyaev in the work "Russian idea". Russia, on the one hand, is the most stateless, the most anarchic country in the world, on the other hand, the most state-owned, the most bureaucratic country in the world. Russia is a country of boundless freedom of spirit, the most non-bourgeois country in the world and at the same time a country devoid of consciousness of individual rights, a country of merchants, money-grubbers, unprecedented bribery of officials. In the Russians, endless love for people is combined with cruelty, slavish disobedience. The time of troubles that Russia is now experiencing is far from being a new phenomenon, but constantly recurring, and culture has always found one or another answer to the challenges of the time, and continued to develop. Moreover, even in the most difficult periods, the greatest ideas and works were born, new traditions and value orientations arose. The peculiarity of the present time of troubles lies in the fact that it coincides with the global crisis. The Russian crisis is a part of the global crisis, which is felt quite acutely in Russia. At the end of the XX century. Russia again faced a choice. Today, culture, like the country, has once again entered an intertime, fraught with different perspectives. The material base of culture is in a state of deep crisis. Libraries are destroyed and burned, there is a shortage of concert and theater halls, and there are no appropriations aimed at supporting and disseminating the values of folk classical culture. The complex problem of the present time is the interaction of culture and the market. There is a certain commercialization of culture, when the so-called. non-commercial works of artistic culture go unnoticed, the possibility of mastering the classical heritage suffers. With the huge potential accumulated by previous generations, there is a spiritual impoverishment of the people, mass lack of culture. One of the main problems in the economy is environmental disasters. On the basis of lack of spirituality, crime and violence are growing, there is a decline in morality. The danger for the present and future of the country is the plight of science and education. Russia's entry into the market led to many unforeseen consequences for spiritual culture. Many of the representatives of the old culture were out of work, unable to adapt to new conditions. The assertion of freedom of speech has deprived many branches of art of the opportunity to speak the truth, improving the "Aesopian language". There is a commercialization of culture, which is now forced to focus not on a spiritual person, but on an economic person, indulging his lowest tastes and passions. The definition of ways for further cultural development became the subject of heated discussions in society, because the state ceased to dictate its requirements to culture, the centralized management system and a unified cultural policy disappeared. One of the points of view is that the state should not interfere in the affairs of culture, and culture itself will find the means to survive. Another point of view seems to be more reasonable, the essence of which is that, while ensuring freedom of culture, the right to cultural identity, the state assumes the development of strategic tasks of cultural construction and the obligation to protect the cultural and historical national heritage, the necessary financial support for cultural values. The state must be aware that culture cannot be left to businessmen. An analysis of the state of the contemporary cultural situation reveals the absence or weakness of stable cultural forms that reproduce the social system. The collapse of the totalitarian regime quickly exposed the underdetermination, the lack of manifestation of many forms of our life, which was characteristic of Russian culture before. BUT. Lossky pointed out that the lack of attention to the middle area of culture, no matter what justifying circumstances we find, is still the negative side of Russian life. Hence the extremely wide range of good and evil. On the one hand, colossal achievements, on the other hand, amazing destruction and cataclysms. Our culture may well respond to the challenge of the modern world, but for this it is necessary to move on to such forms of its self-consciousness that would cease to reproduce the same mechanisms of irreconcilable struggle. It is absolutely necessary to get away from thinking oriented towards materialism, a radical upheaval and reorganization of everything and everyone in the shortest possible time. The process of forming a cultural environment is the basis of cultural renewal, without such an environment it is impossible to overcome the actions of social and psychological mechanisms that divide society. Academician D.S. Likhachev believes that the preservation of the cultural environment is no less important than the preservation of the natural environment. The cultural environment is just as necessary for spiritual, moral life, as nature is necessary for a person for his biological life. Culture is a holistic and organic phenomenon. We need to learn that it is not artificially constructed or transformed, such experiments only lead to its damage and destruction. With great difficulty in the minds of many people, the idea of the specificity and diversity of the development of different cultures is affirmed, each of which develops in its own way and is integrated into the global process. The human world is multicolored and interesting precisely because the basis of the culture of each of the peoples is their cult shrines. They are not subject to any rationale and are not translated into the language of another culture. Authors: Islamgalieva S.K., Khalin K.E., Babayan G.V. << Back: Culture of Russia 9th-19th centuries (Culture of Ancient Rus'. Culture of the Moscow state (XIV-XVII centuries). Russian culture of the 18th century. Golden age of Russian culture) >> Forward: The concept of the origin of culture F. Nietzsche
▪ History of the state and law of Russia. Crib
The existence of an entropy rule for quantum entanglement has been proven
09.05.2024 Mini air conditioner Sony Reon Pocket 5
09.05.2024 Energy from space for Starship
08.05.2024
▪ Smart lamps will help you find goods in the store ▪ The lightest tablet in the world
▪ section of the site Reference materials. Article selection ▪ article How is industrial waste used in Japan? Detailed answer ▪ article Guarantees of workers' rights to labor protection ▪ article Rotation of the cane. Focus Secret
Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews
www.diagram.com.ua |
We recommend interesting articles Section 
See other articles Section 
Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:
All languages of this page