Who is Copernicus? Detailed answer

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Who is Copernicus? Detailed answer

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Who is Copernicus?

Sometimes, very rarely, as if from nowhere, a person appears who changes our views on life and the universe as a whole. Such a person was Nicolaus Copernicus, a Polish astronomer who was born in 1473 and died in 1543. At that time, astronomers believed that the Earth was the center of the world. This idea belonged to the ancient Greek scientist Ptolemy, who lived in the II century. His view was held to be true for centuries.

Ptolemy argued that the Earth stands motionless in one place, and the sky, consisting of a set of huge hollow spheres, revolves around it. The picture of the world created by Copernicus was completely different. It occurred to him that Ptolemy said that the Earth was stationary and the Sun revolved around it for one reason: every night the ancient Greek scientist watched the constellation Ursa Major slowly turn around the North Star.

Copernicus realized that the apparent movement of the Sun is caused by the rotation of the Earth around its own axis. He came to the conclusion that our planet is only a tiny part of the universe and, together with the rest of the planets, makes revolutions around the Sun. The Copernican theory proved too revolutionary for the XNUMXth century. He knew that he would meet resistance from other scientists, and most importantly from the church, which taught that the Earth is the center of the world. He published his works at the very end of his life, accompanied by the statement that he did not claim the truth of his idea.

Author: Likum A.

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

What is the Milky Way?

The most mysterious and beautiful in the sky, apparently, is the Milky Way, stretching like a necklace of precious stones from one side of the sky to the other. In ancient times, people, looking at this picture, like us, were surprised and delighted with this beauty. Not knowing what it could be, they gave unusual and sometimes beautiful explanations for the Milky Way.

For example, at the birth of Christianity, people believed that this was the road of angels, along which they could ascend to heaven. They also thought it was a hole in the sky that allowed those living on Earth to see beyond the firmament.

Our current knowledge of the Milky Way does not prevent us from admiring it. The reality is as amazing as the ancient legends about its alleged creation.

Our galaxy, round and flat, is shaped like a clock. If we could look at it from above, we would see that the galaxy really looks like a clock. But we are inside the galaxy, and looking up, we kind of look at the edge of the clock from the inside. We watch their edge curve around us. These millions of stars make up the Milky Way.

Did you know that the galaxy is made up of 3 billion stars? And we have an idea of its size. Light from the Sun reaches the Earth in 8 minutes. A beam of light will travel from the center of the galaxy to the Sun in 27 years.

The galaxy rotates around its axis like a wheel. One complete revolution takes 200 years.

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Thermoelectrics are materials that convert heat into electricity. To do this, it is necessary that one side of such a material be significantly warmer than the other, that is, it must conduct heat poorly, and electricity well. Usually these two properties are related: the higher the thermal conductivity, the higher the conductivity, and vice versa. Tin selenide is considered a promising material among thermoelectrics: both properties of it turned out to be disconnected. Why is not clear.

To unravel this mystery, researchers from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory of the US Department of Energy, led by Oliver Delaret, used a supercomputer to build models, and a neutron source from the Oak Ridge reactor - from the pattern of scattering of neutrons passed through the sample, one can follow the vibrations of the crystal lattice. They are the main ones in this matter: it is the quanta of such vibrations - phonons - that transfer heat in a solid, and electrons are scattered on them.

Usually atoms vibrate harmonically - with equal amplitude in each direction from the lattice site. Such harmonic phonons travel without interaction. But if anharmonicity appears - in one direction with each vibration the atom deviates more strongly than in the other, then the phonons begin to interact and get stuck in each other. As it turned out, tin selenide exhibits very strong anharmonicity of vibrations at temperatures below 810°C: the lattice behaves like accordion bellows. Because of this, phonons quickly get stuck and cannot provide temperature equalization.

Thermoelectrics are the most important material of the 60st century: it is believed that with their help it will be possible not only to create silent, economical refrigerators or elements for utilizing the heat of the Sun, but also to collect those XNUMX% of the heat that devices created by man senselessly dissipate in the environment. The instability of the tin selenide lattice suggests which direction should be taken when optimizing such materials.

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