Topic 3. EDUCATION AND SCHOOL IN THE ANCIENT WORLD

3.1. The development of education and schools in the ancient world

Antique culture originated around the XNUMXrd millennium BC. e. and ceased to exist in the XNUMXth century. Within its framework, school forms of education were developed, new types of schools, a system of educational institutions appeared, the philosophers of Antiquity formulated ideas and concepts for the upbringing and education of young people. There are several periods in the development of education and schools in the ancient world.

1. Archaic (ancient Greek) period from the XNUMXth century. BC e. according to the XNUMXth century BC e. As in the culture of the civilizations of the Ancient East, the training and education of the younger generation during this period took place in home and family conditions under the guidance of experienced mentors. It is believed that in the works of Homer, who described the process of education of some of his heroes (for example, Achilles in the Iliad), this particular period in the development of education in the ancient world is reflected. At that time, school forms of education in the states of Ancient Greece did not yet exist, but public attention to the education and upbringing of the younger generation and ideas about the ideal of a physically and morally developed Greek, following Homer, was reflected by Hesiod in the poem Works and Days.

2. The heyday of Hellas (modern Greek) lasted from the XNUMXth century. BC e. according to the IV century. BC e. The greatest fame and influence among the Greek city-states in the period under review are Athens and Sparta, in which the development of education and school went in different directions.

The ideal of personal development in Sparta (Laconia) was reduced to the formation of a courageous, spiritually strong, physically developed person. This was due to objective reasons: the whole of Laconia was a military camp, which was in constant combat readiness due to the threat of uprisings of slaves (helots) and continuous wars. Until the age of 7, children in Sparta were brought up in a family. They were in the care of nurses who did not spoil the children, raising them in severity, and paid attention to the development of physical health. From a very early age, the state participated in the upbringing of the Spartan boy, who, already in the first days of his life, the elders had to recognize as fit or not fit for military service. In the legend cited by Plutarch, physically unhealthy children were thrown into the Taygetian abyss. However, according to historical research, such children, of course, were not killed, but were brought up outside the Spartan military community.

Young people under 30 in Sparta did not have full civil rights and were brought up under the control of the state. In this process, three age periods were distinguished: from 7 to 15 years, from 15 to 20 years and from 20 to 30 years, the most intensive process of upbringing and education falls on the first of the selected periods. From the age of 7, all the boys became "public property", they were collected in agels - a kind of paramilitary barrack-type boarding schools, where they lived and were brought up until they were 14 years old. Control over the agela was carried out by paydonim (paydon) - a representative of state power, and the direct leadership was carried out by the Eirens - Spartiate youths over 15 years old who showed the ability to lead.

The main emphasis in education was on gymnastic and military exercises. The boys grew up in rather harsh conditions: from clothes they were supposed to have one chiton (and from the age of 12 one raincoat) for a year, the food was very scarce and simple, they were not allowed to take care of the body, the bed on which the teenagers slept was made of reed. Reading, writing, counting, music were not priority subjects in the content of the education of the Spartans, and their study was utilitarian (reading and writing - in order to compile a military report, music and versification - in order to sing military hymns, etc. .). Particular attention was paid to the development of concise speech - the ability to express yourself concisely and accurately. The boys participated in the annual public competitions - agons, during which they had to show everything they had learned. The first period of education at the age of 14 ended with a great agon, which included musical (music, singing, versification, etc.) and gymnastic competitions, as well as a test of courage and endurance - public sections.

The young men who successfully passed the test received weapons, were distributed among the detachments, and during the year carried out "test" service on the territory of the whole of Sparta. The task of educating a courageous and merciless warrior was solved in the process of cryptia - a raid on helots, during which young men were allowed to kill the most obstinate slaves. The "trial year" ended with a new agon, and teenagers passed into the category of Eirens, whose duty was to help raise children from 7 to 14 years old.

The upbringing of Spartan girls was not much different from the upbringing of Spartan boys and took place in constant gymnastic exercises. The physical health of Spartan women was supposed to ensure the reproduction of healthy offspring.

В Athens the social structure had features of democracy, the goal of personality education was the comprehensive development of the spiritual qualities and physical strength of the child, reflected in the concept of "kalokagakhtiya" - the combination of all possible virtues of the external and internal beauty of a person. Until the age of 7, boys were brought up in the family, focusing on the ideal of harmonious development. At an early age, children were brought up by their mother and nurses, from the age of 4-5 they were under the supervision of a slave teacher (from the Greek paidagogos). Translated from Greek, "pais" means "child", "ago" - "I lead by the hand", later the word "teacher" acquired the meaning of "lead a person through life" and began to denote the profession of a mentor, teacher.

From the age of 7, children entered school. In Athens, a complex system of educational institutions was formed, which was of a two-stage nature and included various types of primary and secondary schools. Educational institutions in Athens were called didaskaleions and were private and paid. The initial stage of education was represented by music and gymnastic (palestra) schools, which made it possible to solve in a complex the tasks of comprehensive intellectual development and the formation of body culture. Education in the musical school lasted from 7 to 16 years and included literature, art and science, which, according to Greek mythology, are under the auspices of the muses. Literature education, closely linked to music education, took center stage. When teaching reading, the letter-subjunctive method was used, which was preserved in elementary school until the 12th century. The boys memorized the works of Homer, Hesiod, Aeschylus, Euripides, Sophocles and other Greek authors. Music was taught in close connection with the teaching of singing. In musical schools, teenagers were taught the four basic arithmetic operations and the principles of geometry, starting from the 14th century. drawing was added to the curriculum. From the age of XNUMX, the boy, along with the music school, attended a gymnastic school under the guidance of a pedotribe teacher, where he practiced pentathlon: running, wrestling, jumping, discus and javelin throwing. Approximately from the age of XNUMX, training in the palestra comes to the fore, pushing aside musical education.

The secondary level of education in Athens was represented by several types of schools. First of all, this is a gymnasium (a state educational institution of an advanced type) for young men aged 16-18 who have shown diligence and achieved high results in education. During this period, there were three gymnasiums in Athens: Lyceum, Academy, Kinosarg, the content of the training in which pursued the goal of further improvement in gymnastic exercises and "mind gymnastics" in the process of discussing important socio-political problems. Further, all young men from 18 to 20 years old had to take a two-year course at the ephebia, a state institution whose purpose was military training. In the first year of training, young people trained in specialized military exercises - running with torches, throwing stones, spears, discs, swimming, etc. The second year was devoted to serving on the borders of the state.

The characteristic trend of Athenian education, which had developed by the VI century. BC e., there was a process of formation and development of philosophical schools (Pythagorean, Epicurean, Sophistic, etc.), which made it possible for future politicians to practice in socio-political and philosophical discussions.

Women's education in Athens was not developed in the same way as in Sparta, and was limited to family education in the female half of the house - the gynaecium. Here, from her mother, nurses and other women of the family, the girl received elementary knowledge of reading, writing, playing a musical instrument, singing, but basically all the time the girl was busy learning needlework.

3. The Hellenistic period in the development of ancient upbringing and education continued from the XNUMXrd century. BC e. according to the XNUMXst century BC e. and was characterized by the spread of Greek culture over vast territories. During this period, the ideal of education is corrected: the heroic personality is replaced by an enlightened, educated, independent person in judgments, the bearer of the richest Hellenistic culture; the proportion of music education is increasing at the expense of gymnastic education.

At the primary level of education, the participation of the state in school affairs is expanding, state educational institutions are being developed, which nevertheless remain paid, but access to school is facilitated for children of the free-born population. Since literary education is an important element in the spread of Hellenistic culture, the structure and content of primary education are changing. The music school is divided into two types of schools: an elementary literacy school with a five-year term of study (music proper) and a grammar school with a complicated program and a three-year term of study. The very name of the grammar school is associated with the emergence of a new discipline in teaching - grammar, the content of which includes the science of language, acquaintance with the richest Hellenic literature and culture. Traditionally, the study of literature took place with the comprehension of the basics of music, singing, in addition, mathematics and drawing were studied at the grammar school.

The changes that took place at the level of secondary education were associated with a decrease in the share of gymnastic education compared to the previous period. Gymnasiums acquire the status of privileged educational institutions and become available to young people from wealthy families. The number of gymnasiums is increasing, the purpose of education in which is to deepen and expand the knowledge gained in the grammar school. The curriculum includes literature, philosophy, rhetoric, music, mathematics, geography; didactic aids (geographic maps, celestial globes) are used in teaching, libraries are organized at educational institutions. Ephebia becomes a kind of institution of higher education with a one-year term of study. Military training here gives way to a detailed acquaintance with the scientific disciplines of the gymnasium - grammar, rhetoric, philosophy, mathematics, physics, and ethics. At the same time, gymnastics and martial arts continued to be practiced in ephebia.

In the era of Hellenism, some philosophical schools began to play the role of higher educational institutions, designed to become the final link in the education of a politician, orator, and philosopher. Women's education is being developed in some policies.

Education in Ancient Rome developed under the influence of Hellenistic culture and education on the basis of established Roman traditions. Rome was founded in 753 BC. e., survived the era of a powerful empire and fell under the onslaught of barbarians in the XNUMXth century. During the early Roman education (VIII-III centuries BC), young people were educated in home-family conditions. Responsibility for the results of moral and civic education rested with the father, who attracted his son to participate in public and labor affairs. In the XNUMXth century BC e. the first elementary schools appeared - ludi (in translation - game, sport, evasion from work), which were private and paid, gave the beginning of knowledge and did not enjoy authority, inferior to the level of family education.

In the period from the III century. BC e. according to the XNUMXst century BC e. Roman power extends over large areas, while education begins to change under the influence of the Greek tradition. The most common type of school at that time was the primary elementary school, the main purpose of which was to teach literacy. The creation of grammar schools is connected with the increased requirements for the level of education and the need of the Roman intelligentsia to master the Hellenic culture. In grammar schools, Greek and Latin, the foundations of Roman law, and rhetoric were studied. By the XNUMXnd century BC e. new trends in Greek education penetrate Rome, and Greek teachers are invited to families of influential Roman citizens to receive a Hellenic education. A new type of educational institution appears - the school of rhetoric, where the teaching of oratory was based on the expansion of knowledge in Latin and Greek grammar.

In general, in the period from the XNUMXst c. BC e. according to the II century. In ancient Rome, a system of educational institutions developed, within which education was not much different from education in Hellas, but had a more pragmatic focus. The education system consisted of several levels. Primary education was represented by elementary or trivial schools; they were private and paid, but their activities were controlled by the state. Most often, the curriculum of such schools included reading, counting, writing; the timing of training was not strictly established. Boys and girls attended schools together.

The middle stage of education was represented by grammar and rhetoric schools for young men. Grammar schools provided an increased level of education, they taught boys from 12 to 16 years old. The content of education was represented by the "seven liberal arts", which in the future will become the basis for the formation of the content of education for many centuries in the European educational tradition. These "seven liberal arts" included the trivium (grammar, rhetoric, dialectics) and the quadrium (arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music), and their study was practice-oriented.

Rhetorical schools were intended to educate young people over the age of 15 of aristocratic origin who wished to devote themselves to a political career or public service. Disputes were practiced at the school when teaching rhetoric, philosophy, music, mathematics, and astronomy were studied. The future statesman received the final stage of education in a kind of educational institution - the college of youth. Military training was carried out in the legions. The activities of all educational institutions were under the control of the state, which contributed to the spread of education and an increase in the number of schools, and paid salaries to teachers.

In the last decades of the existence of the Roman Empire, education gradually declined.

3.2. The development of pedagogical ideas in the philosophy of the ancient world

In ancient philosophy, thoughts about upbringing, organization of education, the importance of education for human development were reflected. So, the ancient Greek philosopher, scientist and encyclopedist Democritus (460-370 BC) proposed a detailed theory of knowledge. In cognition, he singled out two types of knowledge: sensory and rational, and, according to Democritus, sensory experience underlies rational knowledge. For the first time in the history of pedagogical thought, Democritus expressed the imperative of the need to conform upbringing and development with the inner nature of the child (the principle of conformity to nature), which he called the "microcosm". The philosopher substantiated the importance of family education as a significant stage in the development of a child, in which the example of parents plays a decisive role. In teaching, Democritus singled out an exercise based on a conscious interest in the subject being studied.

One of the founders of dialectics, an ancient Greek philosopher Socrates (470-399 BC), defined the goal of education not as the mastery of a set of long-established moral norms and moral rules, but as the development of a person's mental abilities. According to Socrates, each person must comprehend such truths as loyalty, honesty, truthfulness, honor, friendship, wisdom.

Достижение цели воспитания возможно через диалог, спор, беседу. Как учитель Сократ смог подняться на вершину педагогического мастерства, доведя до совершенства технологию нового по тем временам метода - диалога с учеником, или сократической беседы. Он впервые стал использовать в процессе обучения абстрактные понятия и индуктивные доказательства, заложил основы продуктивных методов обучения. В начале диалога задача педагога состояла в том, чтобы дать ученику увидеть проблему там, где он ее ранее не видел. Следующая часть сократической беседы называлась майевтикой (от греч. maieutike - повивальное искусство, в переносном значении - облегчение нахождения истины), когда педагог с помощью наводящих вопросов учил ребенка извлекать истину (ср.: "В споре рождается истина"). Наконец, в финале диалога формулировалось общее понятие или определение. Сократические беседы произвели революцию не только в обучении и воспитании, но и оказали огромное влияние на дальнейшее развитие философской и общественной мысли.

Socrates' student, philosopher Plato (427-347 BC) founded the Athenian philosophical school - the Academy and preached a comprehensive education there. The pedagogical ideas of Plato are inextricably linked with his philosophical doctrine of a special intellectual world - the world of ideas. According to the philosopher, the goal of education is to develop knowledge that comprehends the harmony between reality and the creative idea inherent in a person. Proceeding from this, the essence of knowledge lies in the "remembering" of the eternal and unchanging higher ideas, which from the inside influence the formation of a person. Thus, in pedagogy, for the first time, the problem of factors influencing the development of personality was posed.

Plato believed that education aimed at the harmonious development of spiritual and physical forces should begin at the age of 7 and end at 16-17 years of age. A youth between the ages of 16 and 20 should devote himself to military training, and only gifted and outstandingly successful young people between 20 and 30 years of age should study the sciences. The philosopher believed that in an ideal society the head of education should manage the state. Each person is obliged to devote himself to the work for which he has natural abilities and inclinations. Plato's views on the education of a woman were very progressive, which, according to the philosopher, should be built in the same logic and with the same content as the education of a man.

The largest philosopher of Antiquity, the founder of the Lyceum Aristotle (384-322 BC) from 343 to 340 BC e. was a teacher and spiritual mentor of Alexander the Great. The philosopher considered the main task of general education to be the communication to students of fundamental non-specialized knowledge. Aristotle continued to study the problem of factors influencing human development, and identified three main groups: external (the world around him), internal (forces that develop inclinations) and purposeful education. The purpose of education is the development of the soul, which, according to Aristotle, has three types: vegetable (nutrition, reproduction), animal (sensations, desires) and rational (thinking, knowledge). Thus, the very nature of the soul requires all-round development, taking place in the unity of moral, physical, aesthetic and mental education.

For the first time in the history of pedagogy, Aristotle proposed an age periodization of education, singled out three periods and determined for each of them the goals, content and methods of education. From birth to 7 years of age, education should be carried out in the family, then boys should be brought up in school, and their education should be the concern of the state. From 7 to 14 years old, children comprehend grammar, gymnastics, music, drawing, from 15 to 21 years old - literature, history, philosophy, mathematics, astronomy.

The ideas of Aristotle had a huge impact on the development of pedagogical views in the era of Antiquity and the Middle Ages, influenced the evolution of education in general.

In ancient Roman philosophy, views on upbringing and education were reflected in the works of Mark Fabius Quintiliana (42-118 years, in some sources 35-90 years), who, being a practicing teacher and lawyer, built a coherent methodology for teaching oratory. According to Quintilian, education should be public, schools and teachers should be supported by the treasury; the goal of education is to form a person's civic feelings and freedoms. M.F. Quintilian believed that the content of the education of a rhetor should include the Greek language and literature, philosophy, law, and history. The duties of a teacher include the ability to arouse students' interest in learning, the desire to be an example of moral behavior and master the profession at the level of pedagogical skill. Pedagogical views of M.F. Quintilian had a great influence on the development of the theory and practice of education in the Renaissance.

Authors: Mazalova M.A., Urakova T.V.

<< Back: School affairs and the emergence of pedagogical thought in the early stages of human development (The emergence of education as a special type of social activity. Education and training in the countries of the Ancient East)

>> Forward: Upbringing and education in the Middle Ages (Development of the Christian pedagogical tradition in Byzantium. Upbringing and education during the early Middle Ages. Upbringing and education during the developed Middle Ages. The emergence and development of medieval universities)

We recommend interesting articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets:

▪ ENT diseases. Lecture notes

▪ Criminal process. Crib

▪ Personnel Management. Crib

See other articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

The existence of an entropy rule for quantum entanglement has been proven 09.05.2024

Quantum mechanics continues to amaze us with its mysterious phenomena and unexpected discoveries. Recently, Bartosz Regula from the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Ludovico Lamy from the University of Amsterdam presented a new discovery that concerns quantum entanglement and its relation to entropy. Quantum entanglement plays an important role in modern quantum information science and technology. However, the complexity of its structure makes understanding and managing it challenging. Regulus and Lamy's discovery shows that quantum entanglement follows an entropy rule similar to that for classical systems. This discovery opens new perspectives in the field of quantum information science and technology, deepening our understanding of quantum entanglement and its connection to thermodynamics. The results of the study indicate the possibility of reversibility of entanglement transformations, which could greatly simplify their use in various quantum technologies. Opening a new rule ... >>

Mini air conditioner Sony Reon Pocket 5 09.05.2024

Summer is a time for relaxation and travel, but often the heat can turn this time into an unbearable torment. Meet a new product from Sony - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-air conditioner, which promises to make summer more comfortable for its users. Sony has introduced a unique device - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-conditioner, which provides body cooling on hot days. With it, users can enjoy coolness anytime, anywhere by simply wearing it around their neck. This mini air conditioner is equipped with automatic adjustment of operating modes, as well as temperature and humidity sensors. Thanks to innovative technologies, Reon Pocket 5 adjusts its operation depending on the user's activity and environmental conditions. Users can easily adjust the temperature using a dedicated mobile app connected via Bluetooth. Additionally, specially designed T-shirts and shorts are available for convenience, to which a mini air conditioner can be attached. The device can oh ... >>

Energy from space for Starship 08.05.2024

Producing solar energy in space is becoming more feasible with the advent of new technologies and the development of space programs. The head of the startup Virtus Solis shared his vision of using SpaceX's Starship to create orbital power plants capable of powering the Earth. Startup Virtus Solis has unveiled an ambitious project to create orbital power plants using SpaceX's Starship. This idea could significantly change the field of solar energy production, making it more accessible and cheaper. The core of the startup's plan is to reduce the cost of launching satellites into space using Starship. This technological breakthrough is expected to make solar energy production in space more competitive with traditional energy sources. Virtual Solis plans to build large photovoltaic panels in orbit, using Starship to deliver the necessary equipment. However, one of the key challenges ... >>

Random news from the Archive Swallow surgeon 17.07.2005 In the Italian medical center of St. Anne in the city of Pontedera, a prototype of a surgical robot measuring 2,5 by 1 centimeter has been created. The patient swallows this capsule, the built-in television camera transmits by radio an image of the stomach and intestines. Under the control of a doctor, the robot can perform microsurgical operations. The robot moves on six thin legs, unable to damage the mucous membrane of the digestive tract. Experimental checks are ahead, first on animals.

Other interesting news:

▪ Samurai watching the crowd

▪ Traces of a collision of two super-Earths discovered

▪ The world's largest Cherenkov telescope launched

▪ Smart grenade launcher XM25

▪ The hardest alloy

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ site section Chargers, accumulators, batteries. Article selection

▪ article by Francis Bacon. Famous aphorisms

▪ article Where and when was money backed by opium issued? Detailed answer

▪ article Deputy director of the school for academic work. Job description

▪ article VHF Converter. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

▪ article Tesla transformer - varieties, experiments. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages ​​of this page

Arabic	Hebrew	Polish
Bengali	Hindi	Portuguese
Chinese	Italian	Spanish
English	Japanese	Turkish
French	Korean	Ukrainian
German	Malay	Vietnamese

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews

www.diagram.com.ua
2000-2024