Table of contents (expand)
- Subject, method and principles of commercial law
- Trade Law
- Non-legislative sources
- State control over compliance with the rules of commercial activity
- Protection against illegal actions of regulatory authorities
- Individual entrepreneur
- Responsibility of an individual entrepreneur. Termination of its activity
- Commercial organizations
- Separate and non-separate divisions
- Objects of civil rights of an entrepreneur
- Money (currency) and securities
- Real estate. Works and services. Accounts receivable. debts
- Product concept
- Means of individualization of a commercial organization
- Means of individualization of products, goods, works or services
- The concept of a commodity market
- Structure and infrastructure of the commodity market
- Markets of perfect and imperfect competition. Protection of competition
- The concept of competition under Russian law
- Abuse of an economic entity by its dominant position
- Commodity exchange
- Features of exchange trading
- Auction house. auction trading
- Organization of auction trade. Auction technique
- wholesale fair
- Commercial commitment
- Classification of commercial obligations
- Commercial transaction: concept and types
- Contract in commercial activity
- Content of the contract
- Form of contract
- Interpretation of the contract. Registration of the contract
- Ways to conclude a contract
- Change and termination of the contract. Change of persons in obligation
- Types of civil law contracts used in commercial activities
- The concept and types of commercial contracts
- The concept of the sale of goods, works or services. Implementation agreement
- Barter agreement
- Trade credit agreement
- Legal regulation of contractual relations. Preamble to the treaty
- Identification of the legal status of the counterparty in the transaction
- subject of a contract
- Product quality
- Packaging and labeling
- Assortment, completeness and set of goods. Delivery time
- The main obligations of the parties. Time of transfer of ownership
- The difference between a supply contract and a retail sale contract
- Price basis
- Principles for determining the price of goods, works or services for tax purposes
- Form of non-cash payments. Settlements by payment orders
- Settlements by letter of credit, by collection, by checks
- Information constituting a trade secret
- Responsibility and procedure for settling disputes of entrepreneurs
- Ways to ensure the fulfillment of contractual obligations
- Penalty
- Pledge and retention
- Surety agreement. Deposit
- Bank guarantee
- Operational measures. Options for the supplier in case of violation of obligations by the payer
- Options for the payer in case of violation of obligations by the supplier
- Termination of obligations under the contract
- Commercial representation
- Commercial mediation. Labor representation
- Contract of agency
- Commission agreement
- Agency contract
- Transportation of goods. Contract for the carriage of goods
- Agreement on the organization of cargo transportation. Chartering agreement (charter). Freight Forwarding Agreement
- The concept and types of warehouse services
- Warehousing agreement
- Warehouse receipts
- The concept and general characteristics of franchising. Commercial concession agreement
- Varieties of franchising
- Benefits of franchising as a type of business activity for its participants
- The concept of marketing activities
- Concept, principles, types and goals of marketing research. Sources of information
21. COMMODITY EXCHANGE
The commodity market is divided into organized (exchanges, auctions and fairs) and unorganized. Participation in each of these markets involves different goals, circumstances and conditions.
According to the Law of the Russian Federation "On Commodity Exchanges and Exchange Trade"
commodity exchange is an organization with the rights of a legal entity that forms the wholesale market by organizing and regulating exchange trading, carried out in the form of open public trading, held in a predetermined place and at a certain time according to the rules established by the exchange. The special legal capacity of the exchange lies in the fact that its activities are exclusive, that is, the exchange does not have the right to engage in activities not directly related to exchange trading. An exchange by its nature is an organization of traders who make profit from the very process of changing the owner of a product. In the infrastructure of the commodity market, commodity exchanges play a fairly multifaceted role, which is confirmed by the following functions of exchanges:
▪ organization of open public auctions;
▪ ensuring concentration of supply and demand;
▪ organization of the wholesale raw materials market,
▪ creation of the necessary trading and accounting infrastructure;
▪ optimization of commercial relations;
▪ formation of objective prices for exchange goods, starting with the creation of conditions for completing a transaction at the market price;
▪ organization of transactions of a special type (i.e. purchase and sale of real goods, forward contracts for the purchase and sale of real goods with a deferred delivery date, futures contracts for the purchase and sale of standard contracts for the supply of exchange goods, option contracts for the purchase and sale of rights to a future purchase and sale at a set price of a commodity or contracts for the supply of a commodity); ensuring maximum settlement speed; information and forecast support (for example, providing information on real prices for the main budget-forming (export) goods and price-forming goods); increase and acceleration of transactions with real goods (since in an unorganized market many conditions have to be agreed upon in each transaction, low liquidity of real goods, capital circulation is slow).
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