Table of contents (expand)
- Subject, method and principles of commercial law
- Trade Law
- Non-legislative sources
- State control over compliance with the rules of commercial activity
- Protection against illegal actions of regulatory authorities
- Individual entrepreneur
- Responsibility of an individual entrepreneur. Termination of its activity
- Commercial organizations
- Separate and non-separate divisions
- Objects of civil rights of an entrepreneur
- Money (currency) and securities
- Real estate. Works and services. Accounts receivable. debts
- Product concept
- Means of individualization of a commercial organization
- Means of individualization of products, goods, works or services
- The concept of a commodity market
- Structure and infrastructure of the commodity market
- Markets of perfect and imperfect competition. Protection of competition
- The concept of competition under Russian law
- Abuse of an economic entity by its dominant position
- Commodity exchange
- Features of exchange trading
- Auction house. auction trading
- Organization of auction trade. Auction technique
- wholesale fair
- Commercial commitment
- Classification of commercial obligations
- Commercial transaction: concept and types
- Contract in commercial activity
- Content of the contract
- Form of contract
- Interpretation of the contract. Registration of the contract
- Ways to conclude a contract
- Change and termination of the contract. Change of persons in obligation
- Types of civil law contracts used in commercial activities
- The concept and types of commercial contracts
- The concept of the sale of goods, works or services. Implementation agreement
- Barter agreement
- Trade credit agreement
- Legal regulation of contractual relations. Preamble to the treaty
- Identification of the legal status of the counterparty in the transaction
- subject of a contract
- Product quality
- Packaging and labeling
- Assortment, completeness and set of goods. Delivery time
- The main obligations of the parties. Time of transfer of ownership
- The difference between a supply contract and a retail sale contract
- Price basis
- Principles for determining the price of goods, works or services for tax purposes
- Form of non-cash payments. Settlements by payment orders
- Settlements by letter of credit, by collection, by checks
- Information constituting a trade secret
- Responsibility and procedure for settling disputes of entrepreneurs
- Ways to ensure the fulfillment of contractual obligations
- Penalty
- Pledge and retention
- Surety agreement. Deposit
- Bank guarantee
- Operational measures. Options for the supplier in case of violation of obligations by the payer
- Options for the payer in case of violation of obligations by the supplier
- Termination of obligations under the contract
- Commercial representation
- Commercial mediation. Labor representation
- Contract of agency
- Commission agreement
- Agency contract
- Transportation of goods. Contract for the carriage of goods
- Agreement on the organization of cargo transportation. Chartering agreement (charter). Freight Forwarding Agreement
- The concept and types of warehouse services
- Warehousing agreement
- Warehouse receipts
- The concept and general characteristics of franchising. Commercial concession agreement
- Varieties of franchising
- Benefits of franchising as a type of business activity for its participants
- The concept of marketing activities
- Concept, principles, types and goals of marketing research. Sources of information
11. MONEY (CURRENCY) AND SECURITIES
Money - this is an object of civil rights, determined by generic characteristics, i.e. they are interchangeable things.
In Art. 140 of the Civil Code, it is established that throughout the territory of the Russian Federation, the legal tender, obligatory for acceptance at face value, is the ruble. The cases, procedure and conditions for the use of foreign currency on the territory of the Russian Federation are determined by federal law.
In paragraph 1 of Art. 142 of the Civil Code contains the classic definition security as a strictly formal document certifying property rights, the exercise or transfer of which is possible only upon presentation of this document.
In the definition given by the Civil Code, the following distinctive features can be distinguished signs of securities:
1) these are documents that are valuable not in themselves, like material objects, but because of the right to some value contained in them;
2) these documents are drawn up in compliance with the established form and mandatory details, the absence of at least one of which (or its incorrect indication) makes the paper void (clause 2 of article 144 of the Civil Code);
3) certification of property rights (including the right to demand the payment of a certain amount of money, the transfer of certain property);
4) the exercise or transfer of property rights is possible only upon presentation of these documents;
5) by virtue of paragraph 2 of Art. 147 of the Civil Code, it is unacceptable to refuse to execute a security with reference to the absence of the grounds on which it was issued, or to its invalidity. Consequently, the obligated person must execute the security, making sure only that it contains the necessary details, and its owner may not check the grounds on which it was issued, fully trusting its formal features. This property of a security is called public credibility.
A security is a special commodity that circulates on a special market - the securities market, but has neither material nor monetary consumer value, that is, it is neither a physical product nor a service.
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