Table of contents (expand)
- Subject, method and principles of commercial law
- Trade Law
- Non-legislative sources
- State control over compliance with the rules of commercial activity
- Protection against illegal actions of regulatory authorities
- Individual entrepreneur
- Responsibility of an individual entrepreneur. Termination of its activity
- Commercial organizations
- Separate and non-separate divisions
- Objects of civil rights of an entrepreneur
- Money (currency) and securities
- Real estate. Works and services. Accounts receivable. debts
- Product concept
- Means of individualization of a commercial organization
- Means of individualization of products, goods, works or services
- The concept of a commodity market
- Structure and infrastructure of the commodity market
- Markets of perfect and imperfect competition. Protection of competition
- The concept of competition under Russian law
- Abuse of an economic entity by its dominant position
- Commodity exchange
- Features of exchange trading
- Auction house. auction trading
- Organization of auction trade. Auction technique
- wholesale fair
- Commercial commitment
- Classification of commercial obligations
- Commercial transaction: concept and types
- Contract in commercial activity
- Content of the contract
- Form of contract
- Interpretation of the contract. Registration of the contract
- Ways to conclude a contract
- Change and termination of the contract. Change of persons in obligation
- Types of civil law contracts used in commercial activities
- The concept and types of commercial contracts
- The concept of the sale of goods, works or services. Implementation agreement
- Barter agreement
- Trade credit agreement
- Legal regulation of contractual relations. Preamble to the treaty
- Identification of the legal status of the counterparty in the transaction
- subject of a contract
- Product quality
- Packaging and labeling
- Assortment, completeness and set of goods. Delivery time
- The main obligations of the parties. Time of transfer of ownership
- The difference between a supply contract and a retail sale contract
- Price basis
- Principles for determining the price of goods, works or services for tax purposes
- Form of non-cash payments. Settlements by payment orders
- Settlements by letter of credit, by collection, by checks
- Information constituting a trade secret
- Responsibility and procedure for settling disputes of entrepreneurs
- Ways to ensure the fulfillment of contractual obligations
- Penalty
- Pledge and retention
- Surety agreement. Deposit
- Bank guarantee
- Operational measures. Options for the supplier in case of violation of obligations by the payer
- Options for the payer in case of violation of obligations by the supplier
- Termination of obligations under the contract
- Commercial representation
- Commercial mediation. Labor representation
- Contract of agency
- Commission agreement
- Agency contract
- Transportation of goods. Contract for the carriage of goods
- Agreement on the organization of cargo transportation. Chartering agreement (charter). Freight Forwarding Agreement
- The concept and types of warehouse services
- Warehousing agreement
- Warehouse receipts
- The concept and general characteristics of franchising. Commercial concession agreement
- Varieties of franchising
- Benefits of franchising as a type of business activity for its participants
- The concept of marketing activities
- Concept, principles, types and goals of marketing research. Sources of information
43. QUALITY OF GOODS
The condition on the quality of the goods is not one of the essential conditions of the contract.
Product quality defined as compliance with the agreements formalized in the contract. In the absence of quality requirements in the contract, the seller is obliged to transfer to the buyer goods suitable for the normal use of goods of this kind.
In Art. 470, 471 of the Civil Code are formulated product warranty rules as the period during which the product after its sale to the buyer must comply with the requirements for its quality (Article 469 of the Civil Code). If the warranty period is not established in the contract of sale, then by virtue of the law the rule on a reasonable period is applied (paragraph 1 of article 470 of the Civil Code).
Also applicable in business shelf life, i.e. the period after which the product, regardless of its actual condition, is assumed to be unfit for use.
Although paragraph 1 of Art. 472 of the Civil Code does not provide for the possibility of establishing an expiration date in the contract, the seller and the buyer have the right to independently establish such a condition.
Article 474 of the Civil Code establishes a list of grounds for conducting a quality check of goods, and also generally defines the conditions for the seller's obligation to provide the buyer with evidence of the verification (clause 3 of article 474 of the Civil Code) and the procedure for its implementation (clause 4 of article 474 of the Civil Code).
The quality in the contract is determined depending on the type of product:
1) according to standards - the quality of fairly simple products (brick, concrete, cement) can be determined;
2) technical conditions - the quality of engineering products can be determined;
3) according to certificates of conformity and hygiene certificates - food products, perfumes and cosmetics, children's toys.
When selling goods according to a sample or according to a description, the criterion for the proper quality of the goods is its compliance with the sample or description. The contract contains instructions on the number of selected samples and the procedure for their comparison with the delivered goods.
The contract may provide that the quality of the goods must meet established standards.
Standard - this is a sample, standard, model, taken as initial when comparing other similar objects with them. The standard is developed for material objects (products, samples of substances), norms, rules and requirements of a different nature.
Normative documents on standardization include state standards (GOSTs); industry standards (OSTs), etc.
Certification of products - conformity assessment procedure, through which an organization independent of the manufacturer (seller, performer) and consumer (buyer) certifies in writing that the products comply with the established requirements (Article 1 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Certification of Products and Services").
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Littelfuse has released new low-capacity 3384V SP3,3NUTG TVS packages designed to protect interface lines in 10 Gigabit Ethernet (GbE) applications.
These TVS assemblies provide +-30 kV electrostatic (ESD) protection to IEC 61000-4-2 for high-speed interfaces, IEC 40-61000-4 (EFT, 4 /5 ns) and against microsecond interference with peak current up to 50 A (Lightning, 15/8 µs).
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Features and Benefits:
Average capacitance value of each channel: 0,5 pF;
Average clamping voltage (tp=8/20ns)):
4 V at Ipp = 1 A
12 V at Ipp = 15 A
Provide protection for 4 single lines or 2 differential pairs;
Leakage current at 3,3V operating voltage: 3nA (average) and 40nA (maximum).
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Consumer electronics and wearable devices.
The SP3384NUT TVS assemblies are available in miniature µDFN (3 x 2mm) packages. They have an operating temperature range of -40...125°C and comply with the requirements of AEC-Q101.
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