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Lecture notes, cheat sheets
История экономики. Формирование и развитие рыночной экономики свободной конкуренции (конспект лекций)
Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets Table of contents (expand) LECTURE No. 12. Formation and development of a market economy of free competition As a result of the industrial revolution and the initial capital, a market economy formed on free competition, or pure capitalism, has developed. Competition is a competition between commodity producers for the most profitable areas of capital investment, sales markets, and sources of raw materials. Competition is an extremely effective mechanism for the spontaneous regulation of the proportions of social production. Distinguish price competition, mainly formed on non-price competition by lowering prices, based on improving the quality of products and the conditions for its sale. Capitalism - in the theory of Marxism, this is a social system in which the main means of production are the property of the capitalist class (bourgeoisie), which exploits the class of hired workers (the proletariat), the distribution of the goods produced is embodied in reality, mainly through the market. Other scientific theories give a different description of capitalism (for example, as a system of open competition and free enterprise). Recently, Marxist terminology has ceased to be prevalent under capitalism, and began to understand a social, political, and economic system in which property, including capital assets, is disposed of and owned by private individuals, and labor is bought for wages, the distribution of resources is translated into reality through the mechanism free prices. The degree to which the market mechanism is used determines the various forms of capitalism. Signs of the market: a significant number of sellers and buyers; unlimited number of market participants; free entry and exit from it; homogeneity of similar products on the market; free prices; lack of pressure, coercion from some participants in relation to others. Distinctive features of the market capitalist economy system: 1) independent regulation of the economy based on the free market; 2) the overwhelming spread of sole private ownership of economic resources; 3) commodity configuration of the economy. A commodity economy is a type of economy that produces products for sale. The evolution of the capitalist system led to the second industrial revolution, which unfolded in the last third of the XNUMXth century. Main achievements in the industry: 1) W. Siemens (Germany) - the invention of the dynamo (1867); 2) T. Edison (USA) - the invention of the generator (1891); 3) created electric motors; 4) the electric railway was invented; 5) transmission of electricity over a distance has been mastered; 6) the incandescent lamp was invented; 7) the telegraph was invented; 8) a new steam engine was invented - a turbine; 9) the internal combustion engine was invented; 10) the automobile was invented (1883-1885). The application of the latest technical discoveries and the emergence of new branches of production determined the concentration and enlargement of production, the emergence of monopolies. Capitalism has passed into the next stage of its formation, which is usually called imperialism. The monopolies have concentrated in their own hands the production of the greater part of the world social product and secured for themselves the receipt of high monopoly profits. During this period, the leading capitalist countries completed the economic and territorial division of the world, which led to the formation of the colonial system. The contradictions of the capitalist economy led to severe upheavals - the First World War and the revolution in Russia, the Great Depression and the Second World War. This, in turn, led to a change in the economic significance of the state. There has been a shift in the social aspects of economic development in the direction of strengthening the social protection of workers. All this confirms the greater adaptability of the capitalist market system in comparison with other forms of management. The new role of the state in the economy was substantiated by John. M. Keynes and tested during the implementation of the "new course" of US President F. Roosevelt. Keynes, John Maynard (1883-1946), English economist, one of the founders of macroeconomic analysis. Keynes owns the fundamental two-volume work Treatise on Money (1930), the book The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936). A feature of the Keynes method is the emphasis on macroeconomic (aggregate, aggregate) indicators - income, investment flows, savings and accumulation, consumption and production on a society-wide scale. Keynes's economic program contains: an all-round increase in government spending, the expansion of public works, cyclical and inflationary tax policies, cyclical balancing of the budget, limiting wage growth, and regulating employment. After the Second World War, the environmental conditions for the functioning of economic systems have changed significantly, both at the micro and macro levels. The development and formation of the military-industrial complex significantly stimulated the development of production and technology. After the restoration of national economies, the consequences of the scientific and technological revolution begin to appear. Science becomes a productive force. Management acquires the character of an economic phenomenon and science. One of the main issues of economic policy is the problem of balancing the national economy with the active participation of the state. During this period, Western economists are carefully studying the Soviet economic model, making unsuccessful attempts to integrate the positive features of economic efficiency and the socialist economic model of the market mechanism. As a result, neo-Keynesian (in most countries), illiberal (social market economy in Germany), social democratic (in Sweden) models of the national economy are being formed. After the Second World War, integration trends in the world economy intensified. The world's leading economic centers have taken shape - Western and Central Europe, North America, and Japan. The most important event in the economic life of Europe was the creation of the European Community and the introduction of a single currency for its members. Economic integration - involves the rapprochement and mutual adaptation of individual national economies. It is ensured by the interweaving and concentration of capital, the implementation of a coordinated interstate economic policy. Main types of integration associations: 1) a customs union, when the free movement of services and goods within the group complements the single customs tariff in relation to third countries; 2) a free trade zone, when the participating countries limit themselves to the abolition of customs barriers in mutual trade; 3) a common market, when barriers between countries in mutual trade are eliminated, for the movement of labor and capital; 4) an economic union, which, in addition to all the above measures, involves the implementation of a common economic policy by the participating states. The European Community (EU) is an integration grouping that includes 12 Western European states: Belgium, Great Britain, Greece, Denmark, Ireland, Italy, Spain, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, France, and Germany. It was formed from three communities (European Economic Community (EEC), European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom), European Steel and Coal Community (ECSC)) created in the 1950s. and since 1967 having common governing bodies and a single budget. At the end of the 1960s. a customs union was created: a single customs tariff was introduced in relation to third countries; Customs duties have been abolished and quantitative restrictions in mutual trade have been lifted; a unified foreign trade policy is being pursued; a joint regional policy is being pursued to develop backward and depressed areas; the European Monetary System is in effect; joint scientific and technical programs are being implemented, etc. In 1985, the Single European Act was adopted (entered into force in 1987), according to which, by the end of 1992, the process of creating a single internal market for goods, capital, services, and labor must be completed. A promising task is the formation of a political association in the form of a confederal or federal type. Various committees operate on the basis of the EU, for example, the General Committee for Agricultural Cooperation, the Federation of Farmers' Unions, the Committee of Permanent Representatives, etc. The governing body of the EU is the Council of Ministers; administrative - EU Commission; the European Court of Justice and the European Parliament of 518 parliamentarians, which is an advisory and recommendatory body (with the exception of the budget, which is approved by the European Parliament), operates. During this period, the formation of the market system moved to a new stage. State regulation of economic relations as the main goal has chosen to support the competition system. The enormous strength of the market-organized economic system combined with the enormous strength of the state. The economy finally became the sphere of state policy. There have been qualitative changes in the social structure of society in industrialized countries. The rapprochement of various strata of society followed the path of the formation of a mass stratum of proprietors. The middle class began to acquire great significance in economic life. At the same time, many problems of the world economy remain unresolved. First of all, this is the problem of the debt of the third world countries, the problem of eliminating hunger; the problem of unequal exchange between them and industrialized countries, etc. Economy of a centrally controlled type In the USSR and other socialist countries, the improvement of the centrally controlled economy continued. Based on the extensive growth of the Soviet economy, in a period of dynamic development, predetermined positive consequences were achieved. In the shortest possible time, the resumption of the national economy after the first and second world wars was carried out, the mechanization of agriculture was carried out, defense production and heavy industry were formed (this made it possible to withstand and win the Great Patriotic War), the electrification of the country, etc. Today we can state that by the end of the 1960s. this mechanism has reached the pinnacle of development. This model lost its momentum and began to stagnate. Stagnation: 1) a period of zero, extremely low or negative economic growth (taking into account inflation); 2) a period of low activity in the market. The economy of the type under consideration was characterized by contradictions (as well as any social system). But political scientists and activists tried to ignore them. The founding forces in the social sciences were focused on proving the benefits of this system. As a result, the contradictions continued to grow and led to a change in the vector of social and economic formation of society. The main contradiction in the sphere of economic life of the socialist countries by the end of the 1960s. there was a contradiction between the level of formation of the social activity of the productive forces and the unnecessarily (at this point in time) centralized system for managing industrial relations. As a result of the state's lack of demand for creative potential, the able-bodied population has lost incentives to improve labor efficiency. On the other hand, the economy began to experience overstrain, which is caused by a prolonged arms race. All this led to the formation of a chronically deficit economy. A deficit economy is a form of a planned state economy in which emphasis is placed on the regulation of material flows without being closely linked to prices, finances, and loans. In such an economy, a conditional shortage of most goods is formed. Under these conditions, the dissatisfaction of the peoples of the USSR and individual national republics with the established socio-economic relations, the relationship between the center and the republics, increased. That is why, at the very first attempt to decentralize the entire system, the USSR collapsed as a state. As a result, the world community once again embarked on the only path of economic development within the framework of a market-type economic model. Author: Shcherbina L.V. << Back: Russian economy (General characteristics of the Russian economy. Capitalist restructuring of Russia. Economic consequences of the First World War (1914-1918). The main economic changes in the interwar period (1919-1939). The economic content of the Cold War. Refusal of planning. Refusal of management of material resources. Abolition of the principle of “equal pay for equal work”. Reduction of budget revenues. Economic system of socialism in the USSR. Total militarization of the economy of the USSR) >> Forward: Formation and development of the credit system of Russia in the 18th-19th centuries (Credit institutions in Russia before the 19th century. Credit institutions during the reign of Alexander I. Credit institutions during the reign of Nicholas I. Credit institutions during the reign of Alexander II. Credit institutions during the reign of Alexander III. Credit institutions during the reign of Nicholas II)
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