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Lecture notes, cheat sheets
History of Economics. History of Economics as a Science (lecture notes)
Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets Table of contents (expand) LECTURE No. 1. The history of economics as a science The term "history" in the scientific sense is used in two aspects: 1) as a science, mastering the laws and causes of the established sequence of certain events; 2) as a movement in time, a series of events changing each other; Subject of economic history (economic history). Economic history as a science studies the development of economic relations, phenomena and processes both in the world economy as a whole and in individual countries. The value of the history of the economy is the study of the internal structure and formation of economic systems. Space and time are constant parameters of history. Representatives of all schools and areas of historical science recognize what has been provided to them. On the central question, there are disagreements between them about the establishing factors of the historical process. As a determining factor, they issue: 1) the role of the personality (heroes); 2) changes in material production; 3) geographical factor; 4) psychological factor, etc.; It should be noted that the influence of the whole variety of factors affects the present historical process. For example, it is impossible to deny the influence of the geographical factor on the process of economic development of different countries. It determines the features of the formation of economic relations. Thus, in the northern geographical regions, the costs of organizing production and ensuring the livelihoods of people significantly exceed similar costs incurred in warmer climatic zones. Methodology of economic history. Methodology - the doctrine of the logical organization, structure, means and methods of activity. The methodology of science is the doctrine of the principles of construction, methods and forms of scientific knowledge. The methodology of economic history contains both the general scientific methods of formal logic and the specific methods of historical science. The former include analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction. To the second - comparative, descriptive and genetic methods. Analysis of the possibilities of the genetic method is of interest. Its use is associated with the selection of a historical gene, from which the market economy begins and the development of which leads to its spread in space and time. Such a gene, according to A. Smith, is the division of labor. It was the division of labor, the isolation of producers and their specialization that made exchange a necessary condition for the life of people in society, served to unite disparate producers of goods into a market economy system. The social division of labor arises not only as a historical prerequisite for the market economy, but also as a consequence of its functioning. Economic history is characterized by two fundamental principles for the construction of scientific knowledge: 1) descriptiveness; 2) leveling. The use of one or another principle by scientists determines the approach to the field of study of the history of economics. The first principle formed the basis of the traditional approach to this science; it prevailed until the early 1960s. The second principle became the basis for the formation of a new approach, which in the West has acquired the name "Cliometrics". Cliometrics is a related historical and economic discipline that assimilates economic history with the help of economic theoretical tools, statistical modeling, quantitative methods of analysis, and the use of hypothetical modeling of alternative versions of the formation of the economy in the past. Cliometrics as a science was formed in the post-war works of Western economists (R. Goldsmith, W. Rostow, K. Arrow, S. Kuznets, R. Fougel, D. North, etc.) as opposed to the traditional descriptive history of the national economy. A significant contribution to its formation was made by Douglas North. North Douglas Cecil (1920) - American economist, one of the founders of the science of Cliometrics. The most significant of the scientist's research was the development of an empirical model of premature American economic history. North's approach was based on the assertion that the structure of a market economy and the processes taking place in it are closely related to the political and social institutions of the country, therefore economic history and economic theories should be combined with institutional changes. North's major works are US Economic Growth: 1790-1860 (1961), The Structure and Movement of Economic History (1981), The Rise of the Western World: A New Economic History (1973). He was the winner of the Nobel Prize in 1983 (together with R. Fougel) in Economics "For the application of economic theory and quantitative methods to the study of historical events." It seems that another gene (from the standpoint of modern views on economic science) can be considered a trend towards a steady increase in the needs of man and society. It is their growth that serves as the main factor in expanded reproduction and technological progress. The contribution of foreign and domestic economists to the history of the economy. Bucher, Karl (1847-1930) German economist, statistician, representative of the new historical school. Bucher divided economic history into three stages: the household (without exchange), the urban economy, combined with the work of artisans on order or for nearby markets, and the national economy, where a nationwide market is formed with numerous intermediaries of exchange. The division of historical epochs was based on the "length of the path" that a product overcomes, rushing from a manufacturing economy to a consuming one. Busch, Johann Georg (1728-1800) German economist and historian of the national economy. He was engaged in the study of the history of trade, credit and insurance business, money circulation. His works are full of factual material, he acted as an empiricist, rejecting the possibility of an abstract theory, and criticized serfdom as an unproductive and immoral form of economic organization. Levasseur, Pierre-Emile (1828-1911) French economist and historian. He studied the economic history of France. Schmoller, Gustav (1838-1917) German economist, founder of the new historical school, he rejected the theoretical nature of political economy, calling for limited collection of statistical and factual material, the study of special issues in the history of the national economy. Hamilton, Earl Jefferson (1889-1946) American economic historian. In 1927-1929. mastered knowledge in Spain, studied the impact of the "price revolution" on the economic development of the country in the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries based on archival materials. Based on the annual reports of the Chamber of Commerce in Seville, Hamilton predetermined the amount of imports of precious metals from America to Europe. Making careful calculations, he determined the fluctuations in the average price index from 1500 to 1640. for a number of products. The book "American Treasures and the Price Revolution in Spain 1501-1650." (1934), in which an enormous amount of statistical material has been examined on the movement of prices and wages in Europe under the influence of an influx of cheap American silver and gold, shows the process of primitive accumulation in Europe. Hamilton's subsequent work is devoted to the economic history of Spain 1650-1800. Hildebrand, Bruno (1812-1878) German economist and statistician. The founder of the historical school in political economy. The seminal work "Political Economy of the Present and Future" (1848). In 1863, Mr.. formed the "Yearbook on political economy and statistics." Hildebrand sharply and systematically condemned the classical school and carefully introduced the historical method. Developed by Hildebrand, the periodization of the history of economic development distinguishes three phases: the natural economy of the Middle Ages (which was understood as natural economy), the credit economy and the money economy. Singling out the credit economy in a certain phase, Hildebrand distinguished it from the money economy, by which, since the time of A. Smith, he understood capitalist production. Eucken, Walter (1891-1950) German economist. Eucken believed that all socio-economic forms that have ever existed in the history of human society can, in principle, be reduced to two types: totalitarian, or centrally controlled, and free open market economy, which politically corresponds to a democratic system. Roscher, Wilhelm Georg Friedrich (1817-1894) German economist, founder of the historical school. Fundamental works: "Brief Foundations of the Course of Political Economy from the Point of View of the Historical Method" (1843), "Principles of Political Economy" (1854). In a number of consecutive volumes of his "Principles" Roscher limited himself to applying the history of economic events to the exposition of the classical doctrines of A. Smith and D. Ricardo. Roscher looked at his work as an experience in applying the historical method to political economy. Androsov, Vasily Petrovich (1803-1841) - Russian economist, statistician, public figure, agronomist. Androsov's works "Economic Statistics of Russia" (1827) and "Statistical Note on Moscow" (1832) collected valuable factual material on the economic history of Russia in the first third of the XNUMXth century. Bliokh, Ivan Stanislavovich (1836-1901), economist, statistician and financier. Bliokh is the author of works on the economic history of Russia on the economics of agriculture and industry. His main works: "Economic and statistical work 1875-1900." (1900), "Finances of Russia of the 1882th century" (1890), "Reclamation credit and the state of agriculture in Russia and foreign countries" (1871). "Factory Industry of the Kingdom of Poland 1880-1881" (1877), Strumilin (Strumillo-Petrashkevich), Stanislav Gustavovich (1974-XNUMX) - Russian, Soviet economist and statistician. The main works in the field of statistics, economics, demographic forecasting, economic management, economic history. Under the leadership of Strumilin, the world's first organization of material balances was developed. Kondratyev, Nikolai Dmitrievich (1892-1938) Russian (Soviet) economist. First of all, Kondratiev is known to world economic science as the author of the theory of large cycles of economic conditions. In a number of his works, among which the monograph “The World Economy and Its Conjunctures during and after the War” (1922) and the report “Large Cycles of Economic Conjuncture” (1925) stand out. The scientist put forward the idea of a multiplicity of cycles, building various models of cyclic fluctuations: seasonal (lasting less than a year), short (lasting 3-3,5 years), commercial and industrial (average cycles 7-11 years) and large cycles (lasting 48-55 years), I. Schumpeter gave these large cycles the name “Kondratieff cycles.” Along with theoretical research, Kondratiev took a direct part in drawing up the first Soviet plans. He developed a coherent concept of scientific planning, a meaningful impact on the economy, and in the conditions of the NEP, while maintaining the mechanisms of market balance and market regulation. Already at the end of the 1920s. Kondratiev actually approached the concept of indicative planning, implemented in many Western countries after the Second World War. Author: Shcherbina L.V. >> Forward: Emergence of the economy (Age of the economy. How different types of economy arose. Mentality. Geopolitics)
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