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Lecture notes, cheat sheets
History of Economics. Feudal Economy (lecture notes)
Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets Table of contents (expand) LECTURE No. 5. Feudal economy 1. Feudal economy. general characteristics The feudal system of economy, in contrast to the slave system, was almost universal for Eurasia: most of the peoples of this continent passed through the system of feudalism or are still at its various stages. The direct producer under feudalism was a cross between a slave and a free farmer: he, like a slave, is not free, but, like a farmer, he has his own farm. Commutation - the transition to cash rent, when the peasant himself sold the products of his farm on the market. Under these conditions, not only moral stimulation of labor was required, but also coercion. Monotheistic religion (monotheism) provides a moral stimulus, in various forms it dominates almost everywhere under feudalism. The feudal economy was built on a stricter functional division of labor than the slave economy, where the peasant was also a warrior. Military affairs here were the monopoly of the feudal lord, and labor was the monopoly of the peasant. Prayer was the monopoly of the clergy. This division of labor was formalized in society in the form of the coexistence of three estates: the clergy, the nobility and the peasantry (later the townspeople joined this estate). Already from birth, a person was considered noble (feudal lord) or vile (that is, bearing duties - this is a peasant). Feudalism was able to ensure economic progress. Feudalism as a system was established among peoples both who were part of the slave-owning Roman Empire and those who had never known a slave-owning economy. By the 8th century. A stirrup appeared in Europe, which connected the rider and horse into a single combat shock unit. Before the advent of artillery (XIV century), the main branch of the army was heavy cavalry. In the 15th-18th centuries, the appearance of artillery guns made knightly armor an anachronism like the weapons of Don Quixote, and the feudal militia was replaced by a regular, massive army consisting of mercenary soldiers. State duties and tributes were turned into feudal rent mainly through the creation of a service army, when soldiers serve not for natural, but for land rations. The Church officially predicted a catastrophe in 1000 (in Rus' - 1492). The mass catastrophic consciousness of people (eschatology - the expectation of the end of the world) in practice helped to form the feudal economy. 2. The feudal economy of France Often France is called the classical country of feudalism, but this applies not so much to the economy as to the state system. The state was ruled by a king who was considered a vassal of God. The largest feudal lords - counts and dukes were royal vassals, medium and small feudal lords were considered their vassals, the owners of estates were knights. The vassal was subordinate only to his immediate overlord (according to the principle "the vassal of my vassal is not my vassal"). The Hundred Years' War hastened the liberation of French peasants from feudal dependence. By the XIV century. the main zones of agricultural specialization began to stand out: Southern France - the base of winemaking, Northern and Central France - the main granary, etc. At this time, the economic superiority of Northern France manifested itself, which was expressed in the approval of the three-field system. However, the main reason was not so much economic in nature - it was Southern France that mainly served as a theater of war. 3. The feudal economy of England The first feature of the feudal economy of this country was the greater centralization of government than in France. The reason for this was the conquest (1066) of the country by feudal lords gathered from all over France under the leadership of the dukes of Normandy, who occupied the English throne. Unlike continental feudal lords, the owners of English estates were not vassals of large feudal lords - earls and dukes, but directly to the king. Another feature concerned the technological base of the English estate. Sheep breeding flourished there, a large amount of raw wool was produced due to the coastal ecology. Wool served as an important industrial raw material and improved the life of English peasants (mattresses, clothing, etc.). The demand for raw wool came from the cities of Flanders (modern Belgium) - the main center for the production of woolen fabrics in medieval Europe. The English kings in every possible way interfered with the attempts of the kings of France to extend their power to Flanders (this is basically the reason for the beginning of the Hundred Years Anglo-French War). The wool trade, which was conducted not only by the feudal lords, but also by peasants, undermined the serf economy: by the end of the XNUMXth century. quitrents in kind and corvée are increasingly being replaced by cash rent, and the labor of serfs is being replaced by wage labor. Small and medium-sized feudal lords began to turn into large farmers, whose center of interest was not in the war, but in the export of wool. This process was delayed by feudal reaction in the middle of the XNUMXth century: after the plague, which claimed at least a third of the population of England, the owners of monors (lords) began to return to the corvee, wanting to secure working hands for themselves. After the uprising in the English countryside, there comes an almost complete commutation, and then the redemption of feudal duties by the peasants. In the XV century. practically all English peasants became free: copyholders, obliged to pay cash rent for their land plots, or freeholders - completely free holders of land. In the XV century. there is a new nobility - the gentry, who run their household exclusively on hired labor. Although feudal dependence was already over for the English peasant, there was a danger that with the growing demand for wool, the gentry, in order to expand pastures, would lay claim to the lands of copyholders. It happened in the XNUMXth century. 4. German Feudal Economy The feudal economy of Germany is characterized by: 1) later formation of the feudal system of economy than in England and France; 2) it included Slavic, French, Italian regions, which were not a national complex; 3) separate parts of the country were separated economically from each other; 4) a single state did not take shape; 5) the seizure of the lands of the Western Slavs living along the Laba (Elbe) River, the movement of German feudal lords to the East, gave a significant increase in sown areas. East of Alba, an internal peasant colonization of territories unfolded (with minimal dependence on feudal lords on preferential terms). But in the fifteenth century began a massive export of grain to Holland and England through the Baltic ports. And the East German feudal lords were able to take matters into their own hands. They carried out the complete enslavement of the peasants (privileged colonists), created master plows, driving the new serfs off the land and transferring them to corvee. In the XVI century. this phenomenon has become widespread. Serfdom later, associated with the distant export of the master's bread, established itself in a number of countries in Eastern Europe. The concept of "land beyond the Elbe" became a symbol of late feudalism. A sharp deterioration in the legal and financial situation affected the peasants throughout the country, which caused the Great Peasant War in 1525 - the uprising of the entire German people. The most severe forms of serfdom reigned throughout Germany after the suppression of the great uprising. 5. The feudal economy of Russia In Russia, the formation of the feudal economy occurred much later. In the Muscovite state, a service army appeared only in the XNUMXth century. and consisted of landowners (nobles) who owned the estate and came to the service every summer, while they served at their own expense - armed, equestrian and with auxiliary personnel, and in the fall they went home. After the death of a serviceman, the estate was transferred to his sons. A local system developed in the country: according to the Council Code of 1649, the peasants were attached indefinitely to the estates on whose territory they lived. Russian peasants thus became serfs at a time when their counterparts in Western Europe were already largely free. Socio-economic backwardness of the country has developed, which throughout its history has become a catching up civilization. Westernization - the pursuit of the West - took vague forms, but the higher its pace, the more painful it was for the country and its people. In the XV-XVI centuries. the main type of armed forces in Rus' was the noble cavalry, with the help of which the Moscow principality solved a number of important geopolitical tasks - the collection of all Russian lands, the liberation from the Tatar-Mongol yoke, the creation of the Russian colonial empire in Eurasia - the conquest and colonization of the Kazan, Siberian and Astrakhan khanates, the accession the peoples of the Volga region, the mastery of the Volga along its entire length, the colonization of the Black Earth Center, etc. All this was paid for at the cost of peasant freedom. Without a regular mass, well-armed army, it turned out to be impossible to solve geopolitical problems in the West (access to the sea through the Baltic) by the forces of the noble cavalry militia. On the basis of the feudal serf economy, such an army was created at the very beginning of the XNUMXth century. 6. Japan's feudal economy The economy of feudal Japan was characterized by the following features: 1) the absence of serfdom due to the innumerable feudal lords (samurai in the middle of the 6,7th century accounted for XNUMX% of the population) and the absence of domains; 2) the use of natural (rice) dues, and not labor rent; 3) hereditary use by peasants of land belonging to the feudal lord; 4) absolute autarky (closed national and regional economy, isolated from the economy of other countries and other regions of the country). In 1854, the United States, threatening Japan with military force, achieved the signing of an agreement with it, allowing the Americans to supply goods to the Japanese market, using two Japanese ports for these purposes. This was the core of American expansion, which ended with the displacement of products from the domestic market of Japanese artisans, the transformation of the country into a semi-colony, which became a raw material supplement not only for the United States, but also for Russia, England, and France, which signed agreements with Japan similar to the American-Japanese. The result of these modifications was the growth of the class struggle, culminating in the civil war, as well as the subsequent bourgeois transformations. 7. Economics of the feudal city In Europe, there was a deep agrarianization of life after the collapse of the Roman Empire. Cities were deserted or turned into villages, and handicrafts joined agriculture. A certain excess of products in the countryside was created due to the productivity of agriculture, therefore, it became possible to single out a group of people who were engaged exclusively in handicraft activities and exchanged their products for agricultural products. In addition, the demand for handicrafts increased. Gradually, the volume, technical level and sectoral specialization of handicraft production ceased to correspond to its position as an appendage to agriculture. Local, rural artisans turned into professionals and began to work for an ever wider order. For this, the boundaries of the feudal estates were already cramped. The optimal place for production activities was to provide an unhindered meeting of customers and buyers with the executor of orders, as well as water supply. It is not for nothing that all major cities stand on lakes and rivers, and their names contain the word "bridge" (Pontoise, Cambridge, Bruges, etc.), "fortress" (Lancaster, Manchester, Strasbourg, etc.). Usually new cities arose where there were bridges and walls. The market provided the city with the economic management of the feudal village: it set the prices at which goods were exchanged. The feudal estate was forced to adapt to the urban market. The main branch of the urban economy - handicraft - received a non-economic guild organization. The handicraft production of this or that city, as a rule, satisfied the demand of the local market for most industrial goods, however, some industries gained pan-European importance. This is the production of woolen fabrics (Northern Italy, Flanders), ships (Mediterranean ports), colored glass (Venice) and metalworking, mainly the production of weapons (Solinger, Milan, etc.). Author: Shcherbina L.V. << Back: Spheres of the economy (Slave economy. Economy of the Athenian polis. Roman slave economy. Asian mode of production and ancient slavery) >> Forward: world trade (Trade and credit. The birth of capitalism. The genesis of the capitalist economy in the first-tier countries (Holland, England, France, USA). The economic consequences of the collapse of the colonial system. The common market and the European Union. The development of the Western economy in the second half of the 20th century)
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