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Lecture notes, cheat sheets
History of Economics. Spheres of economics (lecture notes)
Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets Table of contents (expand) LECTURE No. 4. Spheres of the economy 1. Slave economy This type of economy is based on the industrial labor of foreign slaves captured in the war. The ancient (Greek, Roman) economy was formed on a small scale of Mediterranean (island or coastal) city-states (policies). Individual policies differed from each other in terms of ecology and the nature of the economy: some gravitated towards industry, others towards agriculture. The formation of a slave-owning economy everywhere began with the creation of military organizations. Small states did not have the means to hire warriors. Therefore, everyone had to serve at his own expense - in the kind of troops in which his financial situation allowed - in the infantry (middle-class people), cavalry, equip ships (the richest people), and poor citizens were armed with stones or darts. Only a warrior was considered a citizen of the policy and had the right to a piece of land. The basic rule of the slave-owning economy is connected with the military type of reproduction of labor power: to achieve the maximum productivity of the slave in the shortest possible time, and then replace it with new military booty, since the maintenance of the children of slaves would be an extra cost. Technological progress occurred only in the military-industrial complex or where it was impossible to use the cheap labor of slaves (when the slaves rose in price, a reaping machine appeared in the fields in some places, even a mechanized threshing machine - a wagon with teeth that knocked grain out of ears). The vast majority of the metal went to the creation of weapons. Complex throwing mechanisms appeared. The subject of special concern of the ancient states - the navy - was extremely expensive. Rome and Athens had the largest military fleets, but even small Mediterranean policies had dozens of triremes - two-masted, three-deck, sailing and rowing ships. 2. The economy of the Athenian policy This economy, characterized by small agricultural areas, but a fairly high population density, is a type of industrial slave economy. Athens did not have enough of its own bread, and in exchange for grain imports, they exported non-food products. Small slave-owning craft workshops produced the bulk of goods in the composition of 3-12 slaves, in the absence of a division of labor. In the VI century. BC e. Athens became the main center of handicraft production in the ancient world (the main industries: the processing of ceramics and metals, the demand for which was determined by aesthetic qualities - the harmony of forms, lacquer surface treatment, the secrets of which have not yet been disclosed). In the middle of the XNUMXth century Athenian imports become the largest trading harbor in the Mediterranean - bread and slaves, as well as leather, cattle, fish, wool, canvas, hemp, ship timber, etc. Grain imports were the weakest point of the Athenian economy. Panic in the market caused even a slight delay in the import of bread. Therefore, the state regulated the prices for import and export - wine, copper, marble, lead, wool, olive oil, metal products, ceramics, etc. The slave trade played an equally important role - large sales of prisoners of war, and in between wars - people captured by pirates or sold kings of small states and tribal leaders in Asia Minor, Syria, the Balkans. With the expansion of foreign trade in Athens, non-cash payments appeared (rewriting from account to account), and money changers - meals - turned into banks that accepted deposits and made payments for goods purchased by depositors. Money accumulated in banks was provided on credit to merchants. BIV-III centuries BC e., when, due to the decline in military power caused by the difficult struggle for hegemony among the Greek states, the number of slaves employed in industry began to decline sharply, Athens, like other policies of ancient Greece, became easy prey for foreign conquerors. 3. Roman slave economy In ancient Italy, a complete type of privately owned agriculture was created, serviced by the labor of slaves. In antiquity, communal slave-owning farms also existed. They arose as a result of the complete conquest of one kindred tribe by another, for example, for example, the Achaean Greeks (victors of the Trojans) by the Dorian Greeks. The men spent the day together - in the barracks, with common meals and tireless combat training. With the help of massacres (cryptia), the Spartans regulated the number of helots (slaves). The famous Spartan lifestyle produced a type of professional soldier unsurpassed in history, but did not create the high spiritual culture that Ancient Greece became famous for. Free peasants, who formed the basis of the phalanx, secured the hegemony of Rome with their blood. It turned out that this doomed them to ruin and ousting from production. The cheap labor of slaves could not compete with the labor of small peasant farms. The peasants left their land plots, went to Rome and other cities and became proletarians, living off the state, providing them with free bread and circuses (circus fights of gladiator slaves). Slave owners added peasant lands to their possessions. This is how latifundia arose - vast plantations serviced by the labor of slaves who lived in barracks. The social organization of many latifundia changed, gradually they completely abandoned the use of slave labor, and the plantations began to be divided into small plots (parcels), which were leased to slaves or free peasants, called columns. In the bowels of the slave-owning economy, an estate (Malthus) arose, serviced by the labor of dependent landowners - the forerunners of medieval serfs. A dependent peasantry was emerging as a component of the feudal economic structure. The ancient economic system finally perished with the collapse of the Roman state. In the XVI-XVII centuries. in the American colonies of European countries, a plantation economy reappeared, serviced by the labor of slaves exported from Africa. This type of economy differed from the ancient one in the large role played by the family reproduction of slaves. 4. Asian mode of production and ancient slavery The premature history of mankind was associated with the transfer from the appropriating economy (fishing, hunting and gathering) to agriculture and cattle breeding, this became the basis for the formation of a manufacturing economy, the main results of which are the emergence of new forms of housing and the transition to a strong settled way of life. The most common line of transition to a producing economy was the line of the addition of an agricultural and pastoral economy on the basis of a highly developed economy of gatherers and hunters. In its two versions - primarily agricultural and primarily cattle-breeding - this line was most characteristic of Western Asia, which seized the territory of modern Syria, Iran, Iraq, Turkey and the countries of the Eastern Mediterranean. In these regions, many species of plants and wild animals were concentrated, which could serve as the source material for domestication. In addition, Asia is rightfully considered the birthplace of most cultivated plants and domesticated animals, on the cultivation of which the economy of a significant part of Eurasia, including in our state, was based in antiquity and is now based. The established mode of production in Asian countries was characterized by the following features: 1) state or state-communal ownership of land; 2) the presence of a strong unifying principle: a) despotic (when the community is led by the head of the family's tribe); b) democratic (when the power in the community belongs to the fathers of families); 3) formal freedom of community members. The emergence and existence of community relationships were largely due to the fact that the construction and use of irrigation canals (irrigation systems) was possible only as a result of joint efforts. Due to this circumstance, not a single builder could claim any part of the constructed irrigation system, due to which this system itself could be exclusively state (communal) property. It is also necessary to take into account the fact that in an arid climate, not everyone has value, but only such a land plot that can receive the necessary moisture. The second circumstance further strengthened the position of the owners of irrigation systems, gave them a virtually unlimited right to involve free community members in the performance of labor service. Thus, in the Asiatic (at least predominant) form, there was no property of an individual, but only his possession, while the real, real owner was the community. If the Asian mode of production assumed land area as such as its basis, then the basis of the ancient form was the city as a created place of settlement (center) of landowners (land owners), while arable land was the territory of the city, and the peasant was a city dweller (i.e. citizen of this state) only by virtue of the fact that he was the owner of part of the arable land. Thus, among the ancient peoples, of which the Romans are a classic example (with them this is manifested in the purest form), state landed property simultaneously acted in two qualities - state landed and private landed property. In its socio-economic essence, slavery is the labor of some people (slaves) for others, combined with the personal belonging of the working slave owner - the one who appropriates the product of his labor. Slavery, being predominantly an intensive model of economic development, is based on an increase in the amount of product produced by increasing the number of workers (slaves). The productive forces of ancient slavery, according to Varro, are three types of tools: speaking (slaves), mooing (bulls) and dumb (agricultural implements), while the slave was the main productive force of the ancient economic system. According to Columella, "a pile based on slavery brought the greatest harm: the slaves plowed the land badly, stole grain, and when laying the crop for storage, they incorrectly reflected its amount in the accounts." Cheap labor also could not stimulate the introduction of technical improvements. All this taken together (the low quality of the labor force and technical stagnation) ultimately contributed to the massive ruin of landowners, the withering away of the economic system, in which the basis of production relations is the ownership of the slave owner to all elements of production, including the slave worker. History identifies 3 stages in the development of ancient slavery: 1) folding - from the XII-VIII centuries. BC e. (China during the Zhou kingdom) and IX-VIII centuries. BC e. (Greece of the "Homeric era") until the VIII-VI centuries. BC e. (Italy); 2) approval and development - from the VIII-III centuries. BC e. (China during the slaveholding kingdoms of the Chunqiu-Zhangguo period), V-IV centuries. BC e. (Greece of the era of policies in their heyday) to the III-I centuries. BC e. (Italy during the late Roman Republic); 3) decay - from the II century. BC e. (Han Empire in the East) until the XNUMXth century. n. e. (Roman Empire in the West). A distinctive economic feature of the first stage is the growth of production due to the expanding use of slave labor. The second stage is connected with the achievement of the maximum resource efficiency of the labor of slaves; this is the stage of the flourishing of city-states, reduced to one center (“polis” in Greece, “go” in China, “civitas” in Italy), this is the stage of strengthening property and acquiring a double content by it (as mentioned above). The third stage of ancient slavery is the stage of discrepancy between the possibilities of forced labor and the ever-increasing social needs, in connection with which the slave-owning society comes to the solution of two interrelated problems: 1) a change in the status of the labor force, its emancipation (which objectively leads to the emergence of feudal relations); 2) equipping labor with more efficient devices (equipment) and methods (technology), which is a necessary condition for commodity production. It was at this stage in the Roman Empire that feudal relations originated (from the Latin feudum - feud, possession) in the form of a colony - a form of relations between small rural producers (colons) and large landowners, in which the tenant of the land plot pays rent in kind or money and perform natural duties. Thus, the decomposition of ancient slavery in the Roman Empire was accompanied by a change in the social status of the slave: this process went, for example, in the direction from the column to the villan - a peasant who was in land dependence on the feudal lord (while maintaining personal freedom). Author: Shcherbina L.V. << Back: Economic civilizations (Ancient economic civilizations. Economy of hunters. Civilization of nomadic herders. Mountain civilizations. River civilizations) >> Forward: Feudal economy (Feudal economy. General characteristics. Feudal economy of France. Feudal economy of England. Feudal economy of Germany. Feudal economy of Russia. Feudal economy of Japan. Economy of a feudal city)
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