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Lecture notes, cheat sheets
History of Economics. Economic civilizations (lecture notes)
Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets Table of contents (expand) LECTURE No. 3. Economic civilizations 1. Ancient economic civilizations. Hunter economy Before history, this ancient type of economy has considerable merit. Firstly, it led to the global settlement of mankind (using the example of modern sports achievements, this is easy to understand. It turns out that a person can swim across the Pacific Ocean on oars, and the Atlantic - by swimming), and secondly, it was the first symbiosis of a person with another kind of animal world (domestication of a dog). To hunt large animals, large paddocks were required. Therefore, the weak points of this type of economy were: overfishing, leading to the depletion of wild animals, and the transparency of huge hunting zones for the penetration of neighboring peoples (this gave rise to endless territorial wars). The migrations of peoples were caused by the search for untouched hunting areas, which led to the settlement of all continents. Hunting civilizations in our time have survived only in extreme natural conditions - equatorial tropical forests (Amazon Indians, Congo pygmies), partly in the Arctic tundra, where hunting is combined with reindeer herding. 2. Civilization of nomadic pastoralists These civilizations originated from driven hunting: with their dogs, hunters, getting on the natural routes of seasonal migrations of wild animals, first gradually became passive (similar to some predators - wolves, lions), then active shepherds, leading the selection of animals. Consequently, pastoralists simply took over the exploitation of the soil from animals. The symbiosis of man with a diverse domesticated animal world (especially small and large cattle and horses) gave rise to a peculiar type of steppe economy, built on controlled regular migrations of livestock to places where there is grass, from those places where it has already been eaten away. Not everything is clear in the essence of the nomadic economy, in particular, the nature of ownership of livestock and grazing land. Whatever the property, meat and dairy food, polygamy (polygamy), the power of the patriarchs (with a low value of the human person) necessarily prevailed in this type of economy. Due to its mobility, the pastoral type of economy (all people migrate with livestock) has had a huge impact on the economic development of the whole world. Nomadic pastoral peoples concentrated on the expanses of the Great Steppe - a vast plain stretching in Eurasia from the Carpathians to the Tunguska taiga. The economy of the Turkic, Iranian, Finno-Ugric peoples was formed here. Some of these peoples made great migrations - up to the Mediterranean, Black Sea and even the Atlantic coasts, which caused important changes in the socio-economic life of entire continents. Migration of the Pechenegs, Polovtsians and other Turkic-speaking peoples of the Great Steppe to the Northern Black Sea region in the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries. and their pressure on Kievan Rus led to the transfer of the center of the state of the Eastern Slavs from the Dnieper region to Vladimir-Suzdal Rus, and the invasion of the Mongols in the XIII century. - to the transformation of Rus' into a semi-colony of the Tatar-Mongolian state of the Golden Horde. The most grandiose historical and economic consequences had the migration of the Turks to Asia Minor, where they settled, and, having formed their own state, in the XIV-XVI centuries. gradually subjugated the Balkan, Middle East, North African and Azov-Black Sea regions. The Turkish (Ottoman) Empire became an obstacle in the Mediterranean trade of Europe with the countries of the East and stimulated the search for other ways, which in the XV century. led to the opening of the sea route to India, America and the creation of a world economy. 3. Mountain civilizations In the high mountains, covering a significant part of the earth's essence, the resettlement of people, and hence the management of the economy, was only possible along the slopes of the gorges. Although the economy of the highlanders includes ordinary cattle breeding and agriculture, it has one feature that makes it a separate type of economy. This feature is the inevitable mass exodus of young people due to agrarian overpopulation as a result of a shortage of pasture and arable land. In our time, flat roofs of residential buildings are often used for arable land, and an increase in the number of livestock beyond certain limits entails the complete disappearance of fodder grasses in mountain meadows and their overgrowth with herbs that are inedible for livestock. For many centuries, the departure of mountain youth was exclusively in the nature of military recruitment of young men from Scotland, Switzerland, and the North Caucasus. They consisted of the guards of a number of states (England, Egypt, etc.). With the development of the factory industry and railways in Europe, the military employment of urban youth gave way to economic employment (Western Ukrainian, Caucasian and other construction artels are widely known). And at present, be that as it may, the local economy is still not able to occupy the entire population of the mountain gorges, which causes their seasonal work, creates a number of political and economic problems both at home and in the places where the waste is directed. 4. River civilizations The remaining types of ancient civilizations are based mainly on crop production (the symbiosis of man with plants), as ancient as driven hunting. One of the most ancient types of crop production has developed in the valleys of the great rivers of the East - the Tigris and Euphrates, the Huang He, the Nile, the Amu Darya, etc., as well as in Central and South America). Here the modes of agriculture were completely dependent on the hydro-regime. Therefore, the main condition for the production of agricultural crops and, consequently, the very existence of people, was the artificial regulation of the regime of rivers with the help of canals and dams for watering (hydromelioration) of exceptionally fertile soil. In a hot climate, this provided in normal years (without natural disasters) fairly high yields of vegetables, fruits, and cereals. People regulated the rivers, but their whole life, in turn, was regulated by the rivers. An irrigational economy without a command and distribution system, without a central control and accounting body, could not support the hydro-reclamation network along the great rivers. Since manual earthworks were extremely labor-intensive, and material incentives did not work in the conditions of subsistence farming, the management of these works had to be not only centralized, but also deified (the kings were quite officially considered living gods). Of great importance in the management of the economy of priests and bureaucracy, performing the functions of accounting and control. The state, as the manager of irrigation works and the distributor of water, was the supreme owner of all irrigated lands, which it disposed of through royal (state) or temple farms. Peasant communities had the right of hereditary use for payment in kind, the size was established not by the granary, but by the biological crop (determined before the start of the harvest by officials). So, in the irrigation systems, the direct producer of material goods was the peasant, legally free, but obliged to the state by labor service. For economic reasons, the production labor of slaves could not be used: there was not only a shortage, but there was an excess of labor resources (among the working-age population). During the period of flooding of the rivers, when agricultural work ceased, these surplus labor resources had to be taken. Therefore, the ancient Eastern states could build grandiose structures with the help of hard-working peasants of the Egyptian pyramids, the Tower of Babel, the Great Wall of China, etc. In ancient times, such structures were classified as "wonders of the world." They still amaze the imagination. A huge number of servants in the houses of kings and nobility, multinational harems - all this once again emphasized the prestige of despotism, its unlimited power. Therefore, the position of the slaves was not very different from the position of the free population: in fact, all were slaves of the state. In addition to military affairs, hydraulic engineering was also developed above the average level, especially supply to the upper fields. The ancient Egyptian "crane" (gdaduf) could lift almost 1 tons of water to a height of 6 m within 2 hour (in the absence of pumping equipment, the effect is very significant). However, the technology for building unique giant buildings was primitive. For example, Egypt knew the wheels, but they were not used in the construction of the pyramids. Even such a simple lifting mechanism as a block was not used. The construction of the Pyramid of Cheops (the tallest building in the world before the Eiffel Tower) lasted 20 years. A high level of organization compensated for primitive technology, guaranteeing a stable reproduction of life. The conquest of irrigation systems led to disruption of the rhythm of economic life. Irrigation systems of Mesopotamia, China, Egypt, Western Asia were repeatedly subjected to foreign conquests, came at a loss, but each time they revived, because without irrigation there could be no life. The simplest way was to combine the ancient Eastern system with the collective farm system established by the Soviet authorities, but the collective farms, by exorbitant irrigation of the land for cotton, depleted the waters of the Amu Darya, they did not have time to reach the Aral Sea, which began to dry up. Author: Shcherbina L.V. << Back: Emergence of the economy (Age of the economy. How different types of economy arose. Mentality. Geopolitics) >> Forward: Spheres of the economy (Slave economy. Economy of the Athenian polis. Roman slave economy. Asian mode of production and ancient slavery)
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