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Lecture notes, cheat sheets
History of Economics. The emergence of economics (lecture notes)
Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets Table of contents (expand) LECTURE No. 2. The emergence of the economy 1. Age of the economy The history of economics studies the origin and development of various types of economy. Namely types, and not general laws of economic development, since no one has yet been able to discover these general laws of economics. As you know, most peoples have different types of economy, which in a certain sense can be called civilizations. Civilization - this is the level of development of human society, which is characterized by a high orderliness in the organization of its life, as well as the development of art, science, and is accompanied by the creation of a state. It is generally accepted that the economy is as old as the Cro-Magnon man - a modern type of person, that is, about 40 thousand years. But even before the Cro-Magnons, primitive people lived on our planet - Pithecanthropes (about 500 thousand years ago) and Neanderthals (about 200 thousand years ago), who used stone tools. Perhaps for some time Neanderthals coexisted with Cro-Magnons. Judging by the bone remains, they could not be their ancestors. The age of the modern economy is indeed equal to the age of modern man, since the Cro-Magnons, apparently, did not continue the economic life of the Neanderthals, but started "from scratch". Archaeologists have precisely mastered the manufacturing technology of many primitive Cro-Magnon tools. Scientists conducted a number of field experiments, which proved that the first stone, bone and wood technology was more productive than previously thought. The manufacture of a stone ax took not decades, but several hours. With such an ax, a young tree was cut not for hours, but for only 1 minute; the manufacture of a 4-meter dugout boat took not years, but 10 days, etc. In addition, as was previously believed, stone tools were not disposable, but reusable and subject to repair. The results of these experiments show that labor was quite productive in the primitive economy. The interpretation of the origin of cannibalism (eating people) is refuted, as if on the basis of general protein starvation: with the experimentally proven labor productivity of a primitive Cro-Magnon man, such starvation could not take place. In a different way, the question is also solved about the reasons for the appearance of metal technology, while earlier this fact was explained solely by the desire to further increase labor productivity. In fact, the Cro-Magnon people were fully provided with a certain expanded reproduction of the arsenal of stone and wood tools. Consequently, the use of metals could only be caused by the needs of the war. 2. How did different types of economy arise The natural way of life of man as a biological species is the gathering of products of nature. It also chronologically represents the first type of national economy. Tribes are still being found in the rainforests, whose economy has remained at this level (perhaps they had to return to gathering, being driven deep into the jungle by enemies). In any case, for these peoples, gathering ensures the reproduction of life. Most of the primitive communities at different times changed from gathering to one or another type of productive economy. You could choose hunting, nomadic cattle breeding, crop production. Some communities have remained with their first type of producing economy. There are agricultural peoples who have not gone far from their ancestors in terms of crops, production technology and productivity. The main type of economy of some tribes is still driven hunting, for example, African pygmies, and a number of the peoples of Africa and Asia in our time lead a lifestyle of nomadic pastoralists. Other communities have completely or partially changed their economic profile. More often this happened as a result of their forcible inclusion in the large colonial states. For example, under Soviet rule, the Turkmens annexed to Russia ceased to conduct nomadic cattle breeding, and the people in neighboring Afghanistan, the Pashtuns, who were never conquered by anyone, as in the deepest antiquity, continue to be engaged in nomadic cattle breeding. The type of economy and the features of its subsequent development were historically determined mainly by three factors: the natural inclinations of the people (self-consciousness and mentality play an important role), the environment (ecology) and relations with neighbors (geopolitics). 3. Mentality If the conversation turns to the mentality of the Germans, then this implies accuracy, pedantry and diligence. The Chinese, Koreans and Japanese are distinguished by exceptional diligence and discipline. Russians are characterized by breadth of soul, sharpness of mind and unpredictability in behavior. Each nation has its own specific features of the national character, which are called mentality. If the neighbors of this or that people and their habitat can change as a result of migration or other events, then the natural inclinations transmitted genetically are not able to change anything and no one. The results of a comprehensive study of identical twins (with the same genotype, some of them were brought up in different conditions, even in different countries) showed that not only the body, but also the intellect of a person, for example, his propensity to crime, is at least 60% dependent on heredity. Imagine that in the ruling group of some society, a genetic pathology is transmitted in the form of a leveling of the functions of the legal hemisphere of the brain, which is responsible for the emotional sphere. This means the loss of emotions such as pity and compassion. After some time, a stable generation of sociopaths (monsters) will appear for whom the picture of the world is reduced to violence. Crime cannot be eliminated completely, since the core of the underworld consists of sociopaths. At the head of a large social group (a whole nation), genetic sociopaths will inevitably subordinate the entire life of society to violence, aggression (like the Assyrian military power, Nazi Germany, etc.). The mentality of the people is influenced to a certain extent by the economic and social conditions of the people's life, although it has a genetic character. Since the economy is created by people and for people, it can be argued that the economy is what people are. There are many examples of this. France has long been known, for example, for the special distribution of a layer of rentiers who do not work and live on interest on loan bonds and other securities. Such income is often small, but it is guaranteed, which corresponds to the French mentality, which is characterized by sober prudence, taking into account the smallest benefits without economic risk. Recently, Russia announced its readiness to pay France its debts on tsarist loans, and the French found themselves in possession of almost half a million tsarist bonds. The Russian people happened to spend the main part of its history in conditions of lack of freedom (under the rule of tsarism, then communism). He failed to create a harmonious, free, developed, market economy. According to some opinions, the Russian mentality is to blame for this, according to others, the psychology of the Russian people was a product of lack of freedom. The mentality of the colonists played a decisive role in the rapid economic development of North America: if mainly warriors moved to South America, then toilers moved to North America. Over time, this continent has become the focus of the most energetic and enterprising people from all over the world. The self-consciousness of the people is held together by the religion they profess. Each religion has its own economic ethics. The Protestant religion, according to which business success, honest enrichment of a person is a sign of his pleasing to God, stimulates believers to the greatest extent to engage in entrepreneurship and trade. The increasing aggressiveness of Islamic fundamentalism in the modern Muslim world shows that Islam and Westernization are incompatible. At the same time, the incredibly rapid development of the modern economy of Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan and other countries of Southeast Asia shows that Buddhism and other religions of this region are quite compatible with the Westernization of the national economy. 4. Geopolitics The importance of good relations with neighbors does not have to be convinced. Suffice it to recall how many military conflicts broke out between neighbors in Eurasia alone during the last decade. Armed confrontation in the era of the Cold War of the North Atlantic bloc (NATO), the Warsaw Pact, was also a confrontation between neighbors, but on a planetary scale. Most of the geopolitical conflicts have occurred and are occurring now because of the disputed territories, the struggle for living space. The special value of a territory for a particular country may lie not simply in its agricultural and industrial potential. As it was in the past, but in the fact that the transit of exports or imports of this state passes through it. It is precisely this geopolitical significance for Russia that independent Ukraine and Belarus received after the collapse of the USSR, since pipelines operating and under construction run through their territory, delivering oil and gas to the European market - the basis of Russian exports. The conditions for the future transit of Caspian oil from Azerbaijan to the Black Sea caused tragic geopolitical consequences in the form of a war between the federal government of Russia and the Chechen Republic, through whose territory the finished oil pipeline passes. There is an opinion that the endless wars between neighboring peoples generally result from the instinctive property inherent in primates to attack the weaker ones. And the weak have to defend themselves. War was one of the first types of labor that determined the existence of this or that people. Hence the already mentioned natural priority for the production of weapons. The oldest items of agricultural equipment (axe, spade, club, pole, horn, hook, flail, lash, sickle, etc.) originally had an equally wide military application. Heavy expensive weapons, of course, are available to a minority of the population. For example, in order to transition to a feudal economy with its knightly cavalry, it was necessary to have heavy cavalry weapons in society, which appeared only in the middle of the XNUMXst millennium AD. e. Prior to that, the formation of a feudal economy in Europe was impossible. Author: Shcherbina L.V. << Back: The history of economics as a science >> Forward: Economic civilizations (Ancient economic civilizations. Economy of hunters. Civilization of nomadic herders. Mountain civilizations. River civilizations)
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